Screening is a complex issue which necessitates a national program to ensure a minimal participation of the population, quality controls, and evaluation of the results. The call, recall, and follow-up systems require major commitments, and in this case drop-outs are substantial. Finally, overdiagnosis, a well-known complication of screening, is an ignored critical issue. The U.S. Institute of Medicine recently issued a report8 that highlights the pitfalls of the federally sponsored cancer clinical

trials system. However, it does not explain ineffective collaboration … recruiting is not an issue: HCC is the fifth most common cause of cancer. Screening advocates must understand that patients deserve evidence-based treatments and that poor

evidence is a leading cause of poor buy Acalabrutinib compliance, a situation precluding efficiency for any screening policies. Errare humanum est, perseverare diabolicum (“to err is human, but to persist [in the mistake] is diabolical”). For the present time, clinicians must not forget that promoting smoking cessation, informing on limitation of alcohol intake, this website and vaccinating against hepatitis B virus are the three most cost-effective measures to prevent HCC. Cigarette smoking is an independent and a dose-related contributing factor for HCC worldwide, even in Asia.9 The mean relative risk is 1.5 but exposure is incredibly high. In France, tobacco, hepatitis, and alcohol are the three main risk factors for HCC, contributing see more 33%, 31%, and 26%, respectively, to HCC.10 How many gastroenterologists/hepatologists are promoting smoking cessation? Alain Braillon M.D.*, * Department of Public Health, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens, France. “
“A 42–year–old woman underwent a colonoscopy for evaluation of abdominal bloating of three months’ duration. Colonoscopic view revealed a large collapsed fistulous opening of the sigmoid colon. The ileocecal valve was identified when the colonoscope was passed through the fistulous opening connecting with the sigmoid colon. When the colonoscope reached the cecum through the conventional

intra-luminal technique, white numbers corresponding to the colonoscope insertion length markings could be seen through the fistulous opening (Fig. 1). The appendiceal orifice opening was normal. To confirm the fistulous opening, indigocarmine dye was sprayed into the cecum. The blue dye was found in the sigmoid colon confirming the fistulous connection (Fig. 2). Double contrast barium enema and abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan were also performed. The barium enema also demonstrated the fistulous opening with contrast connecting the mid sigmoid colon and the cecum. Abdominal CT scan also demonstrated an air–filled fistulous tract that extended from the mid sigmoid colon to the cecal pole.