All rights reserved “
“Various neurons in the central nervou

All rights reserved.”
“Various neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) exhibit selective vulnerability to AMPA-induced delayed neurotoxicity known as dark cell degeneration. Hippocampal pyramidal neurons in the CA1 and CA3 regions display such vulnerability

that encompasses morphological changes including cytoplasmic and nuclear condensation, neuronal shrinkage, FRAX597 cost formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles, and general failure of physiology. The present study was undertaken to ascertain the potential involvement of initiator (caspase-9) and executor (caspase-3) caspases in AMPA-receptor-induced dark cell degeneration in pyramidal neurons. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that immunoreactivity of the active form of caspase-9 and -3 was increased in pyramidal neurons in CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus following AMPA (100 mu M). Elevated levels of active caspase-9 immunoreactivity generally preceded elevations in active caspase-3 immunoreactivity. The pan caspase inhibitor FK011 effectively attenuated AMPA-induced dark cell degeneration

https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD1480.html in both CA1 and CA3 regions. Collectively, the data suggest a role for these caspases in mediating AMPA-induced toxicity in pyramidal neurons of the rat hippocampus. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“We are constantly exposed to symbols such as traffic signs, emoticons in internet communication, or other abstract representations of objects as well as, of course, the written words. However, aside from the word reading, little is known about the way our brain responds when we read non-lexical iconic symbols. By using functional MRI, we found that the watching of icons recruited manifold brain areas including frontal and parietal cortices in addition to the temporo-occipital junction in the ventral pathway. Remarkably, the brain response for icons was contrasted with the response for corresponding concrete objects with Florfenicol the pattern of ‘hyper-cortical

and hypo-subcortical’ brain activation. This neural underpinning might be called the neural correlates for visual concept formation. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Hippocampal neurogenesis is potentially implicated in etiology of depression and as the final common mechanism underlying antidepressant treatments. However, decreased neurogenesis has not been demonstrated in depressed patients and, in animals, reduced cytogenesis was shown in healthy rats exposed to stressors, but, so far, not in models of depression. Here we report that the number of BrdU positive cells in hippocampus was (1) significantly higher in a rat model of depression, the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) compared to control FRL, (2) increased in both FSL and FRL following maternal separation, (3) reduced by escitalopram treatment in maternally separated animals to the level found in non-separated animals.

Comments are closed.