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“Objective: Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) secondary to induced warm ischemia (WI) results in inflammatory and delayed fibrotic processes and remains a common clinical problem with serious consequences. Because OSI-027 tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-alpha) is a prominent proinflammatory factor implicated in the pathophysiology of acute renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), we hypothesized

that FR167653 (FR), a potent inhibitor of TNF-alpha and interleukin-1 beta production, may reduce IRI.

Methods. IRI was induced in male pigs by bilateral clamping of the renal pedicle for 90 minutes (WI90), or unilateral renal clamping (90 minutes) after contralateral nephrectomy (1/2N x 90), or unilateral renal clamping without contralateral nephrectomy (WIuni90). FR was administered intravenously 60 minutes before WI (1 mg/kg/h), during WI, and continuously

for 3 hours (1 mg/kg/h) during reperfusion in treated groups (FRW190, FR1/2N x 90, or FRWIuni90). Blood and urine samples were collected between Verubecestat mouseMK-8931 chemical structure day 1 and 3 months after reperfusion for assessment of renal function. Kidneys were excised and renal tissues were collected at 3 months for morphologic and inflammation evaluation and protein analysis. Experimental groups were compared with sham operated (control) and heminephrectomized (Unif) groups without renal ischemia.

Results. Three WI90 animals (43%)

and five 1/2N x 90 (70%) were euthanized and necropsied at day 7 because of no urine production or poor conditions. Mortality was significantly improved after FR treatment. Survival was 100% in the control, Unif, WIuni90, and FR groups. In Unif groups, PR significantly RO4929097 in vivo reduced renal failure and bilateral renal ischemia (P < .05). At 3 months, proteinuria was significantly reduced in FR-treated groups (P < .01). Inflammatory cells count was also dramatically diminished in FR-treated pigs (P < .01 for CD3-positive cells). The second aspect of transient ischemia is the fibrotic process determined at 3 months. FR treatment was characterized by a reduction of renal fibrosis, particularly in Unif groups. TNF-alpha protein expression was diminished in FR-treated groups.

Conclusion: This is the first evidence that FR reduced the early and long-term effect of WI in the severe ischemia model. This effect was particularly marked against fibrosis and inflammation, which would contribute to deterioration of a patient’s renal function. (J Vasc Surg 2009;49:728-40.)”
“Induction of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is validated as a main mechanism by which 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4-HBA), an active principle of Gastrodia elata Blume, reduces cerebral infarct volumes in a murine model of focal brain ischemia/reperfusion. In contrast to its position isomers, i.e.