Materials and Methods: An institutional review board-approved, HIPAA-compliant retrospective review of 991 cases of consecutive 9-or 11-gauge stereotactic VABB performed during a 65-month period revealed 147 cases of atypia. One pathologist performed a blinded review of the results of procedures performed to assess for calcifications and confirmed ADH in 101 cases with subsequent surgical excision. Each large duct or terminal duct-lobular unit containing ADH was considered a focus and counted. Postbiopsy mammograms were reviewed to determine whether all calcifications were removed. Upgrade to malignancy was determined from excisional biopsy pathology
reports. Upgrade rates as a function of both number of foci and presence or absence of residual calcifications were calculated and compared by using chi(2) tests.
Results: Upgrade to malignancy occurred NU7441 clinical trial in 20 (19.8%) of the 101 cases. The upgrade
selleckchem rate was significantly higher in cases of three or more foci of ADH (15 [28%] of 53 cases) than in cases of fewer than three foci (five [10%] of 48 cases) (P = .02). Upgrade rates were similar, regardless of whether all mammographic calcifications were removed (seven [17%] of 41 cases) or all were not removed (nine [20%] of 45 cases) (P = .77). Upgrade occurred in two (12%) of 17 cases in which there were fewer than three ADH foci and all calcifications were removed.
Conclusion: The upgrade rate is significantly higher when ADH involves at least three foci. Surgical excision is recommended even when ADH involves fewer than three foci and all mammographic calcifications have been removed, because the upgrade
rate is 12%.”
“We use two different techniques to derive the two parameters describing conduction electron scattering and spin-flipping at sputtered Al/Cu interfaces in the current-perpendicular-to-plane (CPP) geometry. These parameters are: 2AR(Al/Cu), twice the interface specific resistance, where A is the area through which the CPP current MK-0518 flows; and delta(Al/Cu), which gives the probability P of spin-flipping from P = 1 – exp(-delta). A technique involving simple multilayers, and sample temperature not exceeding room temperature, gives 2AR(Al/Cu) = 2.3 +/- 0.2 f Omega m(2). A technique involving exchange-biased spin-valves (EBSVs), where the sample is annealed briefly to 453 K, gives 2AR(Al/Cu) = 2.0 +/- 0.15 f Omega m(2). Averaging the two values, but increasing the uncertainty for reasons explained, gives the best estimate of 2AR(Al/Cu) = 2.15 +/- 0.4 f Omega m(2). This average is comparable to, but smaller than, the published value of 2AR(Al/Cu) = 3.6 +/- 1 f Omega m(2) derived from thermal conductance measurements, and larger than our calculated values for interface thicknesses up to 6 monolayers (ML). However, it is similar to our calculated values for an interface thickness of 8 ML.