The core of this repertoire is CusC and CopA with the exception of Franciscella, Dichelobacter nodosus VCS1703A and Haemophilus somnus 129PT lacking the last protein. Two genera contain a periplasmic carrier, CueO in Erwinia and PcoA in Francisella philomiragia subsp. philomiragia ATCC 25017. With few exceptions,

the organisms in this clade are human, animal or plant pathogens. The seventh repertoire (clade 6) is depicted in Figure 5f and comprises four Xylella fastidiosa isolates, three Psychrobacter species, Halomonas elongata HELO_1864 and Pseudoxanthomonas suwonensis. The core of this repertoire is PcoA and PcoB as identified in Xylela fasitidiosa, a plant pathogen. Secondary elements were CopA and CusC, identified in the three Psychrobacter species, in Pseudoxanthomonas click here suwonensis and

in Halomonas elongate. Selleckchem Temsirolimus The latter organism also presented CutF. Psychrobacter and Halomonas are halophilic bacteria whereas Pseudoxanthomonas is a BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-, m-, and p-xylene) degrader. The eighth repertoire (clade 7) is depicted in Figure 5g and comprises 50 organisms from 16 genera of 9 families: Pseudomonadaceae, Halothiobacillaceae, Idiomarinaceae, Alcanivoracaceae, Alteromonadaceae, Moraxellaceae, Piscirickettsiaceae, Vibrionaceae and Xanthomonadaceae. The core of this repertoire is formed by CopA, CusABC and PcoAB which is shared by 10 genera. Exceptions are Alteromonas macleodii, CHIR-99021 purchase Idiomarina loihiensis L2TR and two species of Pseudoalteromonas (lacking CusC); Azotobacter vinelandii and nine species of Pseudomonas (lacking CusB) and eight species of Xanthomonas (lacking CopA). Periplasmic carriers were identified as secondary elements: CueO in Halothiobacillus neapolitanus; CusF in five Pseudomonas species and Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978;

and PcoC in five Pseudomonas species (not 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase the ones with CusF) and three Acinetobacter species (including baumannii). This is a highly diverse group of free-living species of soil and marine environments. This clade along with clade F comprises all the organisms belonging to orders Pseudomonadales and Xanthomonadales. The ninth and last repertoire (clade 8) comprises two species form a single genus, Cronobacter, and is depicted in Figure 5h. In these species the repertoire is the largest, lacking only CueP, and equivalent to the one identified in other Enterobacterial species such as Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Escherichia. Cronobacter species are found in natural environments such as water, sewage, soil and vegetables. They are not usually enteric pathogens, although they can get to be opportunistic pathogens infecting and persisting in human macrophages. Apparently these organisms have a large number of virulence factors but there is no direct indication to the necessity for such a complete copper homeostasis repertoire.