Switzerland). For FRET analysis, the WT and MUT ζ cDNAs were cloned into the Clontech expression vectors pEYFP-N1 to obtain YFP-tagged ζ proteins, and actin to pECFP-C1 to obtain the CFP-tagged

actin. The actin plasmid was cotransfected into COS-7 cells (Lipofectamin 2000) with either WT or MUT ζ. G-actin was prepared from rabbit muscles and polymerized when required as previously described [36]. For cosedimentation, tested protein was added to prepolymerized F-actin, incubated for 20 min at 25°C and centrifuged at 80 000 rpm for 1 h at 4°C. Supernatants and pellets were separated, resolved on SDS-PAGE, and stained with Coomassie brilliant blue. For EM, samples were fixed on carbon-coated grids and negatively stained with 1% uranyl acetate. The grids were viewed under a Jeol 100cx (Jeol-LTD. Tokyo Japan) scanning BMS-907351 research buy EM. For cell activation, 5 × 105 cells coated with anti-CD28 Abs were mixed with an equal number of 6-micron diameter polystyrene beads (Polysciences Inc, PA, USA) precoated

with A2B4 Abs. After brief centrifugation, samples click here were incubated for various time periods at 37°C, transferred to poly-l-lysine coated slides (Lab-Tek), fixed, washed, and stained for CD3 expression. Confocal analysis was performed using LSM 410 microscope (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging, Inc.). TCR clustering formation was scored as positive if at least one distinct cap was observed at the cell–bead contact area. At least 100 cells in contact with beads were counted, and the percent cap formation was calculated. For specific T-cell activation, APCs (LK B-cells) were labeled with blue cell tracker CMAC (Molecular Probes), washed, and incubated with or without the specific peptide (cytochrome C, 81–104 aa). After washing, a 1:1 ratio of LK cells and WT or MUT T cells were mixed and incubated at 37°C for different time periods. Cells were seeded onto a

chamber slides, fixed, washed, stained, and analyzed as described. In ex vivo experiments, splenocytes Adenosine were activated with anti-CD3ε Abs and processed as described. TCR clustering was detected by using anti-TCRβ Abs (Biolegend). FRET was measured by donor-sensitized acceptor fluorescence [37]. CFP (excitation, 458 nm; emission, 465−510 nm) was used as a donor and YFP (excitation, 514 nm; emission, 530 nm) as an acceptor. The results were verified by using the acceptor photobleaching techniques as previously described [38]. Detailed description is provided in the Supporting Information. FRET was corrected and the FRET efficiency was determined. Both WT and MUT cells were activated for 16 h at 37°C with PMA (40 ng/mL) and Ca ionophore (1.5 μm; Sigma) or with LK cells loaded with Pigeon cytochrome C peptide. Following activation, cells were washed, and assessed for CD25 and CD69 expression by FACS analysis.