False positives increased when items were very easy to endorse and when there with mode differences in mean trait level. True positives were predicted by CAT item usage,

absolute item difficulty and item discrimination. RZ outperformed CrI, due to better control of false positive DIF.

Conclusions: Whereas false positives were well controlled, particularly for RZ, power to detect DIF was suboptimal. Research is needed to examine selleck chemical the robustness of these methods under varying prior assumptions concerning the distribution of item and person parameters and when data fail to conform to prior assumptions. False identification of DIF when items were very easy to endorse is a problem warranting additional investigation.”
“Purpose of reviewTherapies that increase functional -cell mass may be the best long-term treatment for diabetes. Significant resources are devoted toward this goal, and progress is occurring at a rapid pace. Here, we summarize recent advances relevant to human -cell regeneration.Recent

findingsNew -cells arise from proliferation of pre-existing -cells or transdifferentiation from other cell types. In addition, dedifferentiated -cells may populate islets in diabetes, possibly representing a pool of cells that could redifferentiate into functional -cells. Advances in finding strategies to drive -cell proliferation include new insight into proproliferative factors, both circulating selleck inhibitor and local, and elements intrinsic to the -cell, such as cell cycle machinery and regulation of gene expression through epigenetic modification and noncoding RNAs. Controversy MG-132 purchase continues in the arena of generation of -cells by transdifferentiation from exocrine, ductal, and alpha cells, with studies producing both supporting and opposing

data. Progress has been made in redifferentiation of -cells that have lost expression of -cell markers.SummaryAlthough significant progress has been made, and promising avenues exist, more work is needed to achieve the goal of -cell regeneration as a treatment for diabetes.”
“Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders in the world. Despite this, only one medication (propranolol) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat it. Fortunately, recent studies have identified some additional medications as treatment of ET. Surgical procedures, such as deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus, offer treatment for refractory tremor. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and medical and surgical treatment of ET will be discussed in this paper.”
“Background: Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) link data on disease occurrence to health outcomes, and they are a useful aid in establishing country-specific agendas regarding cancer control.

“
“We report a study on flicker noise reduction in the space charge limitation region of a Zn-Pd/n-In(0.49)Ga(0.51)P Schottky barrier diode (SBD). A suitable model has been suggested to explain the barrier height dependence of the Fano factor. The reduction of Fano factor with barrier height has been experimentally investigated from I-V

characteristics and noise power density measurements. Finally a comparative study was made with the theoretically obtained value of the Fano factor. Another important parameter, known as the Hooge parameter, of InGaP SBD has also been calculated as a function of temperature. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3619851]“
“The conflict in Afghanistan has produced injuries similar to those produced from military conflicts for generations. What distinguishes the modern casualty of the conflict in Afghanistan Sapitinib concentration from those of other conflicts is the effectiveness of modern field medical care that has led to individuals surviving with injuries, which would have been immediately fatal even a few years ago. These patients present several challenges to the reconstructive surgeon. These injured individuals present

early challenges see more of massive soft-tissue trauma, unstable physiology, complex bony and soft-tissue defects, unusual infections, limited reconstructive donor sites, peripheral nerve injuries and traumatic amputations. Late challenges to rehabilitation include the development of heterotopic ossification in amputation stumps. This paper outlines the approach taken by the reconstructive team at the Royal Centre for Defence HDAC inhibitor Medicine in managing these most difficult of reconstructive challenges.”
“Two experiments were conducted to compare variation between 2 tracing methods in measuring cross-sectional lumen area of the caudal artery in 5 beef heifers on 3 different dates (Exp. 1) and to compare tracing

methods in detecting changes in artery lumen area after 5 heifers were switched from a diet containing nonendophyte-infected tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort] seed to one containing endophyte-infected tall fescue seed (Exp. 2). Lumen area determined by tracing the Doppler flow signal was 25% less than that determined by tracing the intima of the connective tissue, but there was no difference (P = 0.90) in the variation of measures between the 2 methods in Exp. 1. Declines in lumen area were detected at the same level of significance (P < 0.01) for both tracing methods after cattle in Exp. 2 were switched from noninfected to infected tall fescue diets. Variation in lumen areas was different between noninfected and infected diets with tracing the Doppler flow signal (P < 0.05) or the intima of the connective tissue (P < 0.01). Results indicated that lumen area of the caudal artery can be measured with similar precision by tracing the intima of the connective tissue in the artery wall or the outer boundary of the Doppler flow signal.

3% for abuse: 11.2% for dependence). (2) In addition to confirming early SU as a risk factor for SUD we find: (3) higher age of onset of my SU to be associated with faster transitions to SUD, except for cannabis dependence. (4) Transitions from first cannabis use (CU) to cannabis use disorders (CUD) Occurred faster than for alcohol and nicotine. (5) Use of other substances co-occured with risk and speed of transitions to specific SUDs.

Conclusion: Type of Substance selleckchem and concurrent

use of other drugs are of importance for the association between age of first use and the speed of transitions to substance use disorders. Given that further research will identify moderators and mediators affecting these differential associations, these findings may have important implications for designing early and targeted interventions to prevent disorder progression. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Inhibition of specific drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) located in intestine by xenobiotics might induce potential drug (herb)-drug interaction. The present study aims to evaluate the inhibition potential of wogonin towards one specific DMEs in intestine UDP-glucuronotransferase (UGT) 1A8. Recombinant UGT1A8-catalyzed 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) glucuronidation

reaction was used as the probe reaction. Dose-dependent inhibition behaviour was detected for wogonin’s inhibition towards UGT1A8-catalyzed 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) glucuronidation. The results obtained from Dixon plot and Lineweaver-Burk plot showed that wogonin competitively PND-1186 order inhibited the activity of UGT1A8, and the inhibition parameter (K-i) was calculated to be 8.1 mu M. Using https://www.selleckchem.com/products/S31-201.html the in vivo concentration of wogonin, the expnsure of drugs undergoing UGT1A8-catalyzed glucuronidation elimination was predicted to increase by 20%. All these results indicated the risk of drug (herb)-drug interaction

due to the inhibition of wogonin towards the activity of UGT1A8.”
“This study examined 1-year violence outcomes among non-injured patients treated in the Emergency Department (ED) for cocaine-related chest pain. All urban Level I ED required patients with chest pain (age 60 and Younger) provide it Urine sample for cocaine testing. Cocaine-positive consenting patients (n=219) were interviewed in the ED; 80% completed follow-tip interviews over 12-months (n = 174; 59% males 79% African-American, mean age = 38.8, standard deviation 9.06; range = 19-60). Baseline rates of past year violent victimization and perpetration history were: 38% and 30%, respectively. During the 12-month follow-up, rates of victimization and perpetration outcomes were 35% and 30%, respectively. Predictors of violence outcomes (either victimization or perpetration) in the year post-ED visit based on characteristics were measured at baseline or during the follow-up period (i.e.

(C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3524540]“
“PURPOSE: To compare accommodating intraocular lens (IOLs) and monofocal IOLs in restoring accommodation in cataract surgery.

SETTING: Dartmouth Medical School and Department of Ophthalmology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.

METHODS: In this metaanalysis, 2 researchers independently extracted data, assessed trial quality, and

contacted authors for missing information. Because of measurement-scale variations, outcomes were pooled for distance-corrected near visual acuity (DCNVA) as standardized mean differences Duvelisib concentration with 95% confidence intervals [Cls] and anterior displacement of the lens as weighted mean differences (95% CI).

RESULTS: The metaanalysis comprised 12 randomized controlled studies of 727 eyes. Based on 10 studies that compared DCNVA, accommodating IOLs were favored but failed the test of heterogeneity (l(2) = 94%). Pooling the 6 homogeneous trials (l(2) = 43%) showed no difference (standardized mean difference, -0.16; 95% CI, -0.56 to 0.25). Heterogeneity could not be explained by any characteristic of the study population or methodology. Based on 4 studies that evaluated pilocarpine-induced IOL shift, there was a significant anterior compared with the GS-1101 research buy control (weighted mean difference, 95% CI, -0.36 -0.47 to -0.24]), although the studies were heterogeneous (l(2)

= 58%). Three of 5 studies mentioning posterior capsule opacification (PCO) reported increased rates in the accommodating IOL group postoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS:

There was no clear evidence of near acuity improvement despite statistically https://www.selleckchem.com/products/MK-2206.html significant pilocarpine-induced anterior lens displacement. Further randomized controlled studies with standardized methods evaluating adverse effects (eg, PCO) are needed to clarify the tradeoffs.”
“Information about the natural history of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is scarce.

This was a prospective cohort study of 160 women (mean age 56 years), whose answers in a population-based survey investigation indicated presence of symptomatic prolapse (siPOP), and 120 women without siPOP (mean age 51 years).

Follow-up questionnaire was completed by 87%, and 67% underwent re-examination according to pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) system after 5 years. Among re-examining siPOP women, 47% had an unchanged POP-Q stage, 40% showed regression, and 13% showed progression. The key symptom “”feeling of a vaginal bulge”" remained unchanged in 30% of women with siPOP, 64% improved by at least one step on our four-step rating scale, and 6% deteriorated. Among control women, siPOP developed in 2%. No statistically significant relationship emerged between changes in anatomic status and changes in investigated symptoms.

Only a small proportion of women with symptomatic POP get worse within 5 years.

In this study, 1804 persons from the general population aged over 60 years visiting selleck kinase inhibitor health examination centers were tested for syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia, and interviewed about the patterns of sexual behavior of elderly people through questionnaires. The prevalence rates of syphilis,

gonorrhea, and chlamydia recorded were 0.222% (4/1804), 0 (none), and 0.776% (14/1804), respectively. The results of the survey showed that the sexual life of the elderly people was currently active, and the sexual behavior of chlamydia patients was distinguished in some characteristics from that of the general participants. Political management to prevent sexually transmitted infections needs to be continued in elderly people as it is in other age groups. More detailed follow-up studies are necessary to determine the incidence and prevalence rates of the diseases in the elderly population in future, and the results of this study are considered to be useful as basic data for such studies.”
“Familial spinal muscular atrophy (FSMA) associated with the vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B (VAPB) gene is a Nocodazole research buy rare autosomal dominant disease with late onset and slow progression. We studied 10 of 42 patients from 5 families

by taking clinical histories and performing physical exams, electrophysiological studies, and genetic tests. All patients presented late onset disease with slow progression characterized by fasciculations, proximal weakness, amyotrophy, and hypoactive deep tendon reflex, except two who exhibited brisk reflex. Two patients showed tongue fasciculations and respiratory insufficiency. Electrophysiological studies revealed patterns

of lower motor neuron disease, and genetic testing identified a P56S mutation of the VAPB gene. Although it is a rare motor neuron disease, Nutlin-3a supplier FSMA with this mutation might be much more prevalent in Brazil than expected, and many cases may be undiagnosed. Genetic exams should be performed whenever it is suspected in Brazil.”
“Background and Purpose: The treatment of symptomatic lower pole (LP) calculi poses a challenge because of lower clearance rates. We present our experience with microperc in the treatment of LP renal calculi.

Patients and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the symptomatic patients with LP renal calculi who underwent microperc between August 2011 and June 2012 from two referral hospitals. Patients were included only in cases of failure after shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) or retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) and according to patient preference. The percutaneous renal access was performed using the 4.8F “”all-seeing needle”" with C-arm fluoroscopy or ultrasonographic guidance with the patient in the prone position. Stone disintegration was established using a 200 mu m holmium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser fiber.

Results: A total of 21 patients (mean age 37.3 +/- 20.1 years) with LP stone underwent microperc.

After 4 courses of docetaxel, he presented acute dyspnea. Z-DEVD-FMK cost The second case was a 66-year-old woman with breast cancer and postoperative pleural recurrence treated with weekly paclitaxel as fourth-line chemotherapy. She developed a dry cough, high fever, and dyspnea after 1 course of paclitaxel. In both cases, computed tomography (CT) showed extensive bilateral areas of ground-glass attenuation. They developed progressive interstitial infiltrates and respiratory failure that required mechanical ventilation. Taxane-induced interstitial pneumonitis was diagnosed to exclude other causes. From previous reports, intubation is associated with the

survival of patients with taxane-induced interstitial pneumonitis. However, corticosteroid therapy was dramatically effective and resolved the interstitial pneumonitis in both our patients. Clinicians should be aware of this occasional complication during the course of chemotherapy with taxanes and initiate treatment, including respiratory support, as soon as possible.”
“Background and Purpose: Pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) during radical prostatectomy (RP) has prognostic and possible therapeutic benefits. We assessed whether an extraperitoneal

minimally invasive RP (MiRP) allows for standard-template PLND comparable PXD101 mouse to transperitoneal MiRP + PLND.

Patients and Methods: A retrospective clinicopathologic study of 914 consecutive patients who underwent MiRP (laparoscopic or Da Vinci robot-assisted laparoscopic) with bilateral AC220 inhibitor PLND by one surgeon (CPP) from 2001 to 2010 was performed. Low-risk patients generally received a limited dissection (external iliac nodes) when PLND was performed. Those with intermediate-and high-risk disease generally received a standard PLND (external iliac and obturator nodes). Patients were stratified into groups based on operative approach (extraperitoneal vs transperitoneal) for most analyses.

Results: Overall, 192 patients

had transperitoneal MiRP + PLND, and 377 had extraperitoneal MiRP + PLND. The extraperitoneal group had higher body mass index (P = 0.03), a higher percentage of low-risk (P = 0.003), and a lower percentage of intermediate-risk disease (P = 0.006). Lymph node yield (LNY) was higher with extraperitoneal PLND overall (6.5 vs 5.3, P = 0.003). When stratified by risk category, LNY was greater in the extraperitoneal group for patients with low-risk disease only (6.6 vs 4.9, P = 0.008). There was no difference in nodal yield in intermediate/high-risk patients receiving standard PLND by either the transperitoneal or extraperitoneal approach (6.0 vs 5.5, P = 0.36 and 8.0 vs 5.8, P = 0.14, respectively). Lymph node involvement was rare overall. Estimated blood loss and complication rates were comparable between operative approaches.

Conclusion: The extraperitoneal MiRP approach does not compromise the oncologic efficacy or safety of routine PLND.

(PACE 2009; 32:1123-1129).”
“Biochemical markers of bone turnover have been shown to be useful as inexpensive and noninvasive tools for monitoring skeletal health. The reference range for bone markers in dogs has been set by different age groups. However, other sources of biological variations were not fully investigated in dogs. To explore whether sex influences the interpretation of bone marker data we examined serum bone markers in 33 male JPH203 clinical trial and 25 female dogs. The bone markers selected for this study were: bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and osteocalcin

(OC) as indicators of bone formation, and C-terminal telopeptide (CTx) of type I collagen as marker of bone resorption. All concentrations of bone markers were lower, but still within the reference range reported for dogs. We found statistically significant differences of the median OC and CTx serum

concentrations between males and this website females. The results of this study suggest that there are sex differences in biochemical markers of bone turnover in dogs which should be considered in interpretation of bone marker data. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Study Design. A clinicopathologic study of synovial cysts in the ligamentum flavum (LF) in patients with spinal stenosis.

Objective. To investigate the pathogenesis of lumbar juxtafacet cysts.

Summary of Background Data. Contradictions in the terminology applied to lumbar juxtafacet cysts arise from the frequent sparsity of synovial lining cells, which has led to synovial cysts often being called “”ganglion cysts”" despite lacking confirmatory pathology.

Methods. Dihydrotestosterone A total of 27 consecutive patients with radiologically confirmed stenosis underwent laminectomy. LF/facet joint (FJ) relationships were retained by en bloc excision of the LF and the medial inferior FJ. Controls were LF/FJ specimens from 47 cadaver lumbar spines.

Results. The 27 patients yielded 51 LF/FJ specimens containing 28 synovial cysts, 12 of which

were unilateral and 8 were bilateral. Fragments of articular cartilage and bone were embedded in the walls of 89% of cysts and in the walls of a bursa-like channel originating from the medial aspect of the FJ capsule and extending into the LF. Communication with the FJ via this channel was observed in 21 (75%) of the 28 synovial cysts. Extending up to 12 mm in length, the channel was present in nearly all control spines at the L4-L5 level but in only about half at the T12-L1 level.

Conclusion. Cysts having an extensive or meagre synovial cell lining are common in the LF of patients with symptomatic lateral or central stenosis. The cysts communicate with the FJ by a bursa-type channel within the LF. Advanced osteoarthritis of the FJ causes the liberation of fragments of cartilage and bone into the synovial fluid of the joint space.

The films were characterized using several techniques, including x-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron VX-809 order microscopy, and magnetic property measurements. Films prepared at lower oxygen pressures were found to be monoclinic, whereas the films prepared at high oxygen pressures were cubic. Both film phases exhibited superparamagnetic-like responses,

with the monoclinic films showing a very high coercive field at low temperatures. Careful microstructural analysis showed no secondary phases or compositional variation that could account for the observed magnetic response. A model, based on the widely accepted bound polaron theory for insulating ferromagnets, is proposed to explain the magnetic behavior of Co doped Sm2O3 films. In this model, exchange mediating defects form magnetically active regions that behave like superparamagnetic clusters; however, unlike in superparamagnetic systems, the size of magnetically active regions is not static but changes find protocol dynamically with temperature. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3610790]“
“No data are available on 2009 H1N1 influenza in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children, a highly susceptible and vulnerable population. We report 13 cases of pandemic influenza

among a cohort of HIV-infected pediatric patients. Clinical features of H1N1 influenza were similar to those described in the general population. Most patients received antivirals on an outpatient basis. An uneventful evolution was observed in all patients, only 2 of whom required hospitalization. Influenza had no effect on the evolution of HIV infection.”
“Objective:

Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and fasting serum long-acting natriuretic peptide (LANP) concentration in renal transplant recipients.

Patients and methods: Fasting blood samples were obtained from 65 renal transplant recipients. BMD was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in lumbar vertebrae (L2-L4). Serum LANP levels were measured using a commercial enzyme immunoassay kit.

Results: Six patients (9.2%) had osteoporosis and 28 patients (43.1%) had osteopenia in renal transplant recipients. Increased serum LANP (p < 0.001) was significantly correlated with low lumbar T-score cut-off points between groups (normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis) BKM120 in renal transplant recipients. Female patients had lower lumbar BMD than male renal transplant recipients (p = 0.027). Univariate linear regression analysis indicated that lumbar BMD were positively correlated with height (p = 0.038), body weight (p = 0.003), and body mass index (BMI; p = 0.019), whereas negatively correlated with LANP (p = 0.004) among the renal transplant recipients. Multivariate forward stepwise linear regression analysis of the significant variables revealed that body weight (R 2 change = 0.132; p = 0.006) and LANP (R 2 change = 0.093; p = 0.

Maximum wall thickness and luminal area were measured with gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in both common carotid arteries (CCAs) and in one internal carotid artery (ICA)

2 mm above the flow divider. Complete data were available for 1064 ICAs and 3348 CCAs. The association of maximum wall thickness with lumen area was evaluated with linear regression, and adjustments were made for participant age, sex, race, height, and height squared.

Results: In the ICA, lumen area was relatively constant across patients with a wall thickness of 1.38 mm or less. In patients with a wall thickness of more than 1.38 mm, however, lumen area decreased linearly as wall thickness increased. Wall area represented a median of 61.9% of the area circumscribed by the vessel at a maximum wall thickness of 1.50 mm +/- 0.05 (standard deviation) Entinostat cost and 75.4% at a maximum wall thickness of 4.0 mm +/- 0.10. In the CCA,

lumen area was preserved across wall thicknesses less than 2.06 mm, representing 99% of vessels.

Conclusion: Atherosclerotic thickening in the ICA appears to be accommodated for vessels with a maximum wall thickness of less than 1.5 mm. Beyond this threshold, greater thickness is associated NVP-AUY922 price with a smaller lumen. The CCA appears to accommodate a wall thickness of less than 2.0 mm. These estimates indicate that the carotid arteries are able to compensate for a greater degree of thickening than are the coronary arteries. (C) RSNA, 2010″
“QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY/PRINCIPLES:

Analysis of changes in the behaviour of wearing protective equipment by alpine skiers and snowboarders after injury, performed at a level I trauma centre in Switzerland.

METHODS: We present a study, using a standardised questionnaire, assessing behaviour on ski slopes by adult patients admitted between Oct 2007 and April 2008. Patients were re-interviewed after the 2008/2009 season. McNemar tests were used to analyse selleck compound differences in protective clothing wearing rates between the two seasons. Multiple logistic regression with age, gender and injury severity score (ISS) as predictors, was used to compare findings in those who started wearing protective equipment and those who did not.

RESULTS: A total of 104/132 patients from the 2007/2008 season were questioned about wearing protective equipment in 2008/2009. 20 patients could not be reassessed (7 declined, 13 had abandoned winter sports). A total of 84 patients were reassessed (61 alpine skiers and 23 snowboarders). The median age of participants was 39 years and 70.2% were male. Helmet and back protector wearing rates increased from 40.5% to 78.6% (p <0.001) and from 14.3% to 23.8% (p = 0.021), respectively. Snowboarders more than doubled their helmet wearing rate (39.1% to 82.6%, p = 0.002). Skiers showed a trend towards doubling their back protector wearing rate (6.6% to 14.8%, p = 0.063). Younger skiers started wearing back protectors more often than older skiers.

Also, strain in the substrate and possible textures in the film structure can be excluded as the origin of the magnetic behavior as studied by grazing incidence wide angle x-ray scattering. Thus, probably only the substrate shape in connection with the amorphous or polycrystalline film structure can explain the rotation of the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3576135]“
“The effects of nitrate (NO(3)(-)) on the root system are complex and depend on several factors, such as the concentration available to the plant, endogenous nitrogen status and the sensitivity of the species. Though these effects have been

widely documented on Arabidopsis and cereals, no reports are available in the Capsicum genus. In this paper, we have determined this website the effect of an exogenous in vitro application of this nutrient on root growth in habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.). Exposure to NO(3)(-) inhibited primary root growth in both, dose- and time-dependent manners. The highest inhibition was attained with 0.1 mM NO(3)(-)

between the fourth and fifth days of treatment. Inhibition of primary root growth was observed by exposing the root to both homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions of the nutrient; in contrast, ammonium was not able to induce similar changes. NO(3)(-)-induced inhibition of primary root growth was reversed by treating Z-DEVD-FMK inhibitor the roots with IAA or NPA, a polar auxin transport inhibitor. Heterogeneous NO(3)(-) application stimulated the

formation and elongation of lateral roots in the segment where the nutrient was present, and this response was influenced by exogenous phytohormones. These results demonstrate that habanero pepper responds to NO(3)(-) in a similar fashion to other species with certain particular differences. Therefore, studies Mdivi-1 chemical structure in this model could help to elucidate the mechanisms by which roots respond to NO(3)(-) in fluctuating soil environments. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“This open-label, randomized study challenged 4- to 8-year-old children from Spain (N = 1478) with a single dose of hepatitis B vaccine to estimate anamnestic responses. At the time of preimmunization, 15.9% to 51.2% of subjects had antibody values >= 10 mIU/mL. One month postimmunization, 91.6% to 97.3% of subjects had antibody titers >= 10 mIU/mL. There were no serious, vaccine-related, adverse experiences, and no discontinuations as a result of adverse experience.”
“The issue of variable bandgap values for InN films grown on c-sapphire has been addressed in this work. alpha-InN films have been deposited in nitrogen rich condition at different substrate temperatures on bare Al2O3 (0001) by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PA-MBE). The results of several complementary characterization techniques show that single crystalline wurtzite InN is formed, but their orientation depends on the substrate temperature.