The consequences of dehydration are the elevation of body temperature, steady increase in fluid and electrolyte losses, and the depletion of important nutrients, including muscle and hepatic glycogen [1–3]. Any fluid deficit that is incurred during one CBL-0137 exercise session can potentially compromise

the next exercise session if adequate fluid replacement does not occur. Therefore, it is exceedingly important to replace fluid and electrolyte losses, and replenish energy stores rapidly in order to achieve recovery before the advent of the next bout of exercise [3–5]. Fluid intake can attenuate or prevent many of the metabolic, cardiovascular, thermoregulatory and performance perturbations that accompany dehydration [6–8]. Ingestion of non-caffeinated sport drinks containing vital nutrients GSK690693 solubility dmso such as water, electrolytes and carbohydrate Tozasertib mouse during exercise may help maintain physiological homeostasis [5, 9–11], resulting in enhanced performance and/or reduced physiological stress on an athlete’s cardiovascular, central nervous and muscular systems [8, 11, 12]. Both the volume of the rehydration fluid and its composition are critical in maintaining whole body fluid homeostasis. Ingestion of carbohydrates

during prolonged exercise can aid performance, not only through increased glucose oxidation but also, indirectly, through enhanced water absorption [5]. Carbohydrates improve the rate of intestinal uptake of sodium, which in turn favors the retention of water [13]. When proper hydration status is maintained, the inclusion of carbohydrates in an oral rehydration solution delays the onset of fatigue during a subsequent bout of intense exercise in a warm environment [11, 14]. Even modest (up to 2% of body weight) exercise-induced dehydration hampers aerobic performance capacity [11] and compromises cognitive capabilities [15, 16]. The factors responsible for these effects may include plasma volume depletion leading to reduced venous pressure, reduced filling of the heart, elevation of core temperature, and depletion of electrolytes such as sodium, and

possibly potassium. Information is scarce on Demeclocycline the impact of rehydration on short-term work following dehydration. Armstrong et al. [7] assessed the effect of moderate (1.9 to 2.1% of body weight) dehydration induced by the drug, furosemide, on race times and maximal graded exercise test lasting about 12 min. There was a significant reduction in maximal test time while no changes were observed in maximal values for maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), heart rate (HR), ventilation (V) or lactate levels. Yoshida et al. [17] demonstrated that a critical water deficit threshold of 1.3 to 2.4% induced a significant decrease in aerobic fitness and maximal anaerobic power, which is dependent on non-oxidative pathways of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Nielsen et al.