Eur J Oral Sci 2002,110(2):157–162.PubMedCrossRef 35. Ohara N, Kikuchi Y, Shoji M, Naito M, Nakayama K: Superoxide selleckchem dismutase-encoding gene of the obligate anaerobe Porphyromonas gingivalis is regulated by the redox-sensing transcription activator OxyR. Microbiology 2006,152(Pt 4):955–966.PubMedCrossRef 36. Shi Y, Ratnayake DB, Okamoto K, Abe N, Yamamoto K, Nakayama K: Genetic analyses of proteolysis, hemoglobin binding, and hemagglutination of Porphyromonas gingivalis . Construction

of mutants with a combination of rgpA , rgpB , kgp , and hagA . J Biol Chem 1999,274(25):17955–17960.PubMedCrossRef 37. Ueshima J, Shoji M, Ratnayake DB, Abe K, Yoshida S, Yamamoto K, Nakayama K: Purification, gene cloning, gene expression, and mutants of Dps from the obligate anaerobe Porphyromonas gingivalis . Infect Immun 2003,71(3):1170–1178.PubMedCrossRef LY3039478 manufacturer Authors’ contributions MS, YA, ECR and KN designed the study. MS wrote the manuscript with BP, ECR and KN. MS, YS, TS, HY, BP, YYC, KS and MN performed the Thiazovivin manufacturer experiments in this study. Especially, MS participated in almost all of the study, HY measured gingipain activity, YYC performed MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric analysis, and MN performed hemagglutinating assay. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the main infectious causes of death worldwide, with more than 9 million new cases of active disease every year and nearly 2 million deaths [1]. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is the causative agent of most TB cases, and its ability to spread and the outcome of infection depend on epidemiological, host, and bacterial factors [2]. The MTB genome is highly conserved, but several Reverse transcriptase large sequence polymorphisms defining different genetically related lineages have been identified. Among them, the Beijing family can be identified rapidly and reliably

by several genetic features. These include a characteristic spoligotype with exclusive deletion of spacers 1-34 (the so-called RD207 deletion) [3], an intact open reading frame in the pks15/1 gene [4], and deletion of the genomic region RD105, which define the Beijing family as a separate lineage within MTB [5]. The Beijing lineage is causing major concern worldwide [6, 7] because its worldwide spread and involvement in several TB outbreaks, some of them involving drug-resistant strains [8]. The Beijing lineage is generally considered to be associated with drug-resistance, although this association has not been found in all geographic settings [7, 8]. The proportion of Beijing strains differs, being low in Western Europe, although a slight increase in the number of Beijing strains has been detected over time [6].