Figure 2 Single cell analysis of B. pseudomallei K96243 induced murine macrophage MNGC formation. (A) Representative 20X magnification confocal images of RAW264.7 macrophages that were not infected (Mock) or infected ARS-1620 order with wild-type B. pseudomallei K96243 at a MOI of 30 at 10 h post-infection. CellMask DeepRed –cytoplasmic/nuclear stain. (B) Single cell image cytometry analysis of MNGCs induced

in macrophages that were not infected (Mock; left panel) or infected with wild-type B. pseudomallei K96234 (right panel). Objects classified as MNGC (+) are pseudocolored in red in the image plots and in the dot plot graphs. (C) Histogram plots showing the distribution of the cluster populations based on the cluster area (left panel) PX-478 in macrophages that were uninfected (Mock, black) or infected with wild-type B. pseudomallei K96234 (Wild-type Bp, red); and the number of bacterial spots associated with each cluster (right panel). Validation of the MNGC assay to detect mutants

defective in their ability to induce MNGC Having shown that the HCI MNGC assay is capable of detecting and quantitating Bp induced cell-to-cell fusion, we then set out to test whether this method could be used to detect defects in MNGC formation caused by mutations in Bp genes. It was previously reported that deletion of the Bp ∆hcp1 gene, which is encoded within the cluster 1 type VI secretion system operon, resulted in a significant Captisol increase in the 50% lethal dose in a Syrian hamster model of infection (103 vs. <10 bacteria), in reduced macrophage intracellular replication and most notably in the failure to induce macrophage MNGC formation [58]. Likewise, it was demonstrated that deletion or inactivation of the Bp bsaZ gene, which is encoded within the Bp T3SS-3 results in delayed macrophage vacuolar escape, in reduced intracellular replication at 3, 6, and 12 h and in sporadic MNGC formation [50].

Thus, in order to test the possibility of using the HCI MNGC assay to profile Bp mutants, we analyzed the ability of Bp K96243 and the two isogenic mutants harboring gene deletions in the Bp T6SS-1 (∆hcp1) and the T3SS-3 (∆bsaZ) to induce MNGC formation at two different time points. RAW264.7 macrophages were not infected (mock), infected Metalloexopeptidase with wild-type Bp K96243 or with the ∆hcp1 or ∆bsaZ mutants at a MOI of 30 for 2 h and then processed in IF and HCI as described above (Figure  3). At the early time point (2 h), infection with all the three Bp strains led to the appearance of bacterial foci either in the cytoplasm or associated with the cell membrane of RAW264.7 macrophages (Figure  3A). When quantified with the MNGC analysis pipeline we could detect significant differences between the Bp K96243 (wt) and the mock infected samples in terms of mean Number of Spots per Clusters, Cluster Area and marginally significant differences in terms of mean Percentage of MNGC (Figure  3B).