Therefore, we can evaluate the natural properties of SWNHs films for cell responses. Thin films were

promising materials because they have individual particles of SWNHs, Liproxstatin-1 chemical structure which are known to largely influence cell functions. The contact angle of water droplet on PS surface was 44.9° which was less than SWNHs/PS, 74.5°. The phenomena indicated higher surface hydrophobicity of SWNHs/PS than PS film. After a few minutes, contact angle of water droplet on SWNHs/PS surface decreased to 64.7° (Additional file 1: Figure S5). Because SWNHs particles were unstable covered on PS surface, SWNHs particles were suspended by buoyancy force of water. The image of SEM showed that distances between neighbor SWNHs particles were about 500 nm which was far less than the diameter of water droplet. Such a surface phenomena similar to lotus leaf effect can be observed (Additional file 1: Figure S4). We found that LPS induced activation of microglia, promoted its growth and proliferation, and inhibited its apoptosis. SWNHs inhibited mitotic entry, growth and proliferation of mice microglia cells, and promoted its apoptosis, especially in activation microglia cells induced by LPS. The PF-573228 cell line results of Ding et al. showed that at high dosages, carbon

nanoparticles can seriously impact the cellular functions in maintenance, growth, and differentiation [49]. These different cellular behaviors cited above can be partially ascribed to the differences of properties for different carbon nanomaterials-surface area, pore structure, particle size, length, diameter and curvature, and partially ascribed to different MK-0457 supplier cell types. Besides, the status of modification of carbon nanomaterials – modified with different functional groups or compounds, or not modified at all – will affect their biological functions on cells [50, 51]. Apoptosis is an active process of cell death that both involves physiological and pathogenic processes. We observed the distended nuclei and scant cytoplasm, cell

shrinkage, membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, and apoptotic body in the cytoplasm Enzalutamide nmr of mice microglia, especially in cells pre-treated with SWNHs. The features of these phenomena were typical during the apoptotic process [52–54]. Our results showed that the roles of SWNHs on mice microglia cells were related to energy metabolism. Sirt3 was the only sirtuin implicated in extension of life span in human [55]. It has been shown Sirt3 involved with mitochondrial energy metabolism and biogenesis [56] and preservation of ATP biosynthetic capacity in the heart [57]. Sirt3 was shown to regulate the activity of acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (AceCS2), an important mitochondrial enzyme involved in generating acetyl-CoA for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. In these studies, Sirt3 knockout resulted in a marked decrease of basal ATP level in vivo[58].