More than half (50.59%) of the differentially expressed genes encoded hypothetical proteins (included “poorly characterized”/“function unknown”/”General function prediction only”). Several differentially expressed EPZ015938 mw genes were in the functional category of “amino acid transport and metabolism” (6 were up-regulated and 5 were down-regulated) (Table 2). The up-regulated genes in this category included trpB, trpD, trpA, trpE

(cj0348, cj0346, cj0349, cj0345) encoding tryptophan synthase and anthranilate synthase subunits, two genes (cj1017c, cj1019c) encoding a branched-chain Avapritinib chemical structure amino-acid ABC transport system permease and a periplasmic binding proteins. Down-regulated genes in this category included argB (cj0226), cysE (cj0763c), cj0731, cj1582c, and cj1583c. Fewer than 3 genes were differentially expressed Selleck S63845 in other categories (Table 2). Different from the inhibitory treatment, the sub-inhibitory treatment resulted in much fewer differentially expressed

genes in the “transcription” and “translation” categories (Table 2). Table 2 COG category of differentially-expressed genes in NCTC 11168 in response to treatment with a sub-inhibitory dose of Ery COG category No. up-regulated (%)* No. down-regulated (%)* Total No. differentially expressed genes Amino acid transport and metabolism 6 (4.76%) 5 (3.97%) 11 Carbohydrate transport and metabolism 1 (2.94%) 2 (5.88%) 3 Cell motility 2 (3.85%) 0 (0.00%) 2 Cell wall/membrane biogenesis 0 (0.00%) 3 (2.52%) 3 Coenzyme transport and metabolism 1 (1.45%) 2 (2.90%) 3 Defense mechanisms 1 (4.35%) 1 (4.35%) 2 Function unknown 4 (5.63%) 3 (4.23%) 7 General function

prediction only 2 (1.41%) 2 (1.41%) 4 Inorganic ion transport and metabolism 3 (3.70%) 2 (4.94%) 5 Lipid transport and metabolism 1 (2.86%) 2 (5.71%) 3 Poorly characterized 15 (2.81%) 17 (5.71%) 32 Posttranslational modification, chaperones 0 (0.00%) 1 (1.54%) 1 Replication, recombination and repair 0 (0.00%) 1 (1.67%) 1 Signal transduction mechanisms 1 (2.22%) 2 (4.44%) 3 Transcription 2 (4.65%) 2 (4.65%) 4 Translation 0 (0.00%) 1 (1.00%) Dipeptidyl peptidase 1 Total 39 46 85 * This percentage was calculated based on the number of the up or down regulated genes in a category to the total number of the genes in that particular category. Notably, several genes demonstrated consistent changes in expression under both inhibitory and sub-inhibitory treatments with Ery and are listed in Table 3. These genes are involved in motility/chemotaxis, tryptophan synthesis, branched-chain amino acid transport, and protein phosphorylation (cj1170c). A two-component sensor kinase (cj1226c) was down-regulated under both inhibitory and sub-inhibitory treatments (Table 3). To confirm differential expression detected by microarray, qRT-PCR was conducted on selected genes. The result confirmed most of the examined genes (Table 4).