Because there is variability among disorders associated with pelvic pain, patients may seek treatment for extended periods as various treatment options are attempted. Further, health care providers should recognize that there may not be a single source of dysfunction. This article discusses the musculoskeletal disorders of the pelvic girdle (structures within

the bony pelvis) and their association with lumbar spine and hip disorders. Waseem Khoder and Douglass Hale Pudendal neuralgia is a painful condition affecting the nerve distribution of the pudendal nerve. The Nantes criteria give some structure for making this diagnosis. A step-ladder approach to therapy, as described, is suggested when treating these patients. Mitul Shah and Susan Hoffstetter Vulvar pain and discomfort (vulvodynia) are common conditions that CX-5461 clinical trial can have a significant impact on a patient’s quality of life. Vulvodynia is a difficult condition to evaluate and treat. This article gives the primary gynecologist a basic framework with which to identify, diagnose, and begin treatment for these patients and refer if necessary. Initial evaluation and physical examination

are discussed in detail. Treatments ranging from self-management strategies to nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies will be explored. Because vulvodynia is a chronic pain disorder, diagnosis is the key to beginning treatment and support for this patient population. Elizabeth Marsicano, Giao Michael Vuong, and Charlene M. Prather Gastrointestinal causes of abdominal pain are numerous. These causes are reviewed in brief here, divided into Enzalutamide order 2 categories: acute abdominal pain and chronic abdominal pain. They are further subcategorized by location of pain as it pertains to the abdomen.

Andrew Steele Opioid pain medications and antidepressants are commonly prescribed to patients for chronic non-cancer pain. However, little evidence exists for their effectiveness in most pain states, including chronic pelvic pain. Whenever possible, initiation of opioid pain medications in chronic non-cancer pain should be avoided. If patients present for evaluation of disease states such as endometriosis or interstitial cystitis already using regular Ponatinib datasheet narcotics, physicians should be aware of ways to mediate misuse and diversion. Women with chronic pain should be screened for depression as well as a history of prior sexual abuse, and treatment or referral initiated when indicated. Fah Che Leong Chronic pelvic pain is common, but rarely cured, thus patients seek both second opinions and alternative means of controlling their pain. Complementary and alternative medicine accounts for 11.2% of out-of-pocket medical expenditures for adults for all conditions in the United States. Although there are many treatments, rigorous testing and well-done randomized studies are lacking.