“
“A series of triglyceride plasticizers were prepared from glycerol, acetic acid, and benzoic acid through a two-step reaction to develop potential uses of glycerol. The optimum

reaction conditions were determined by the esterification of glycerol and acetic acid to produce glyceryl triacetate. When the molar ratio of glycerol to benzoic acid to acetic acid was 1:1:3.5, a novel plasticizer triglyceride mixture (GTM) was successfully synthesized; it had a good plasticizing effect on poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The elongation Tubastatin A purchase at break of PVC composites containing 80 phr GTM increased around 350%; the corresponding hardness (Shore D) and tensile strength decreased to around 35 D and 20 MPa, respectively. Moreover, the glass-transition temperature (Tg) of PVC composites containing 40 phr GTM decreased to around 50 degrees C. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013″
“Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), a glycohormone, is one of the leading biopharmaceutical products. The production of rhEPO is currently

restricted to mammalian cell expression systems because of rhEPO’s highly complex glycosylation pattern, which is a major determinant for drug-efficacy. Here we evaluate the ability of plants to produce different glycoforms of rhEPO. cDNA constructs selleck kinase inhibitor were delivered to Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) and transiently expressed by a viral based expression system. Expression levels up to 85 mg rhEPO/kg fresh leaf material were achieved. Moreover, co-expression of Napabucasin concentration rhEPO with six mammalian genes required for in planta protein sialylation resulted in the synthesis of rhEPO decorated mainly with bisialylated N-glycans (NaNa), the most abundant glycoform of circulating hEPO in patients with anemia. A newly established peptide tag (ELDKWA) fused to hEPO was particularly well-suited for purification of the recombinant hormone based on immunoaffinity. Subsequent lectin chromatography allowed enrichment of

exclusively sialylated rhEPO. All plant-derived glycoforms exhibited high biological activity as determined by a cell-based receptor-binding assay. The generation of rhEPO carrying largely homogeneous glycosylation profiles (GnGnXF, GnGn, and NaNa) will facilitate further investigation of functionalities with potential implications for medical applications.”
“A species of Galapagos tortoise endemic to Espanola Island was reduced to just 12 females and three males that have been bred in captivity since 1971 and have produced over 1700 offspring now repatriated to the island. Our molecular genetic analyses of juveniles repatriated to and surviving on the island indicate that none of the tortoises sampled in 1994 had hatched on the island versus 3% in 2004 and 24% in 2007, which demonstrates substantial and increasing reproduction in situ once again.