2B4 (CD244) is expressed on natural killer (NK) cells, some CD8+ T cells, monocytes, basophils and eosinophils. In both mice and humans, CD48 is the ligand for 2B4 [17,18]. We have originally identified, cloned and characterized the 2B4 receptor in
the mouse [19,20]. In the mouse two isoforms of 2B4, m2B4-L and m2B4-S, are expressed which are the products of differential splicing of hnRNA [21]. These two isoforms differ only in the cytoplasmic domain, and they send opposing signals to NK cells [22]. Human Nivolumab NK cells also express two isoforms of 2B4, h2B4-A and h2B4-B, which differ in a small portion of the extracellular domains [23,24]. The important role of 2B4 has been implicated in various infection and clinical settings. For example, a number of studies revealed that an inability to signal via 2B4 due to a genetic defect in SAP may contribute to the pathogenesis of
XLP [25–27]. Human 2B4 expression is up-regulated on CD8+ T lymphocytes raised in response to herpes simplex virus (HSV), which lysed infected cells more efficiently [28]. Soluble CD48 (ligand for 2B4) is detected at elevated levels in the plasma of patients with arthritis and lymphoid leukaemia [29]. 2B4 is expressed early in the differentiation of NK cells and in immature NK cells 2B4 acts as an inhibitory receptor [30]. This allows a fail-safe mechanism to prevent killing Erlotinib cost of normal autologous cells at early stages of NK cell differentiation when there is no other inhibitory receptors expressed. 2B4/CD48 interactions regulate the proliferation of activated/memory T cells [31]. It was shown that 2B4/CD48 interactions provide a co-stimulatory signal among T cells themselves [32]. Our studies indicated that 2B4 acts as a non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binding negative regulator of NK cells in mice [33]. The generation and preliminary characterization of 2B4 gene knock-out mice revealed an important
role for 2B4 in vivo in rejection of tumour metastases [34]. More interestingly, the immune response against B16 melanoma in 2B4-deficient mice revealed a gender-specific role for 2B4 in the immune system [34]. This led us to reason a role for 2B4 in human autoimmune disorders that tend to be predominant among females. Recently, it was suggested that 2B4 has a role in the autoimmune process shared by rheumatoid arthritis L-gulonolactone oxidase and SLE [35]. CS1 is expressed on NK cells, activated T cells, activated B cells and dendritic cells. CS1 is a self-ligand, and homophilic interaction of CS1 activates NK cell cytolytic function [36]. CS1 induces proliferation and production of autocrine cytokines in B lymphocytes [37]. Two isoforms of CS1, CS1-L and CS1-S are expressed in NK cells. These two isoforms differ in their cytoplasmic domain and signal differently [38]. It has been shown that CS1 can mediate both activating and inhibitory functions, depending upon EAT-2 expression [39].