(A) Salmonella, E. coli L1000 and B. thermophilum RBL67 counts measured by plate counts and real-time qPCR analyses, respectively. Counts of major intestinal bacterial groups were presented previously [15]. (B) Invasion and adhesion ratios, expressed as the percentage of invaded and adhered Salmonella related to the total number present in effluents. (C) Efficiency of Salmonella to invade HT29-MTX

cells, expressed as the percentage of cell-associated Salmonella. (D) TER across HT29-MTX cell monolayers measured 1-3 h after incubation with reactor effluents, expressed as ratio to values measured with samples of initial model stabilization Screening Library clinical trial periods (Stab). Values reported for subsequent www.selleckchem.com/products/ganetespib-sta-9090.html experimental periods and connected with an asterisk are significantly different with the Tukey-Kramer-HSD test (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01). Table 1 TER across HT29-MTX monolayers depends on temporal and environmental factors including SCFAs in reactor effluents     Experimental period     Stab Sal Ecol I Ecol II Bif Inulin Belinostat molecular weight R1             TER 1-3 h 247 ± 24a 144 ± 24bc 143 ± 22bc 114 ± 14c 167 ± 34b 121 ± 13bc   24 h 127 ± 23a 69 ± 20b 55 ± 11b 36 ± 4b 130 ± 47a 65 ± 14b SCFAs* (A:P: B )  

138 ± 6a (54:11: 34 ) 179 ± 6a (44:7: 50 ) R2             TER 1-3 h 266 ± 19a 135 ± 29b 144 ± 17b 96 ± 4c 158 ± 8b 142 ± 29b   24 h 205 ± 34a 74 ± 17c 52 ± 4cd 34 ± 8d 115 ± 19b 87 ± 11bc SCFAs* (A:P: B )   172 ± 6b (54:14: 32 ) 245 ± 6b (45:12: 43 ) R3             TER 1-3 h 240 ± 24a 124 ± 30bc 141 ± 16b 91 ± 6c 145 ± 8b 121 ± 30bc   24 h 190 ± 37a 75 ± 17cd 77 ± 13c 32 ± 11d 119 ± 30b 91 ± 25bc SCFAs* (A:P: B )   180 ± 13b (55:14: 31 ) 234 ± 11b (46:11: 4 3) Mean transepithelial electrical resistance (TER; expressed in Ω cm2) ± SD were measured after incubation of HT29-MTX cell monolayers for 1-3 h (N = 18) and 24 h (N = 6) with effluents

retained from (R1) proximal, Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (R2) transverse and (R3) distal colon reactors of F1 and F2 during the last three days of each experimental period. Values with different letters in a row of the same reactor are significantly different according to the Tukey-Kramer-HSD test (P < 0.05). *No treatment effects (except for inulin addition) were detected on total short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations (expressed in mM). Mean SCFA concentrations ± SD and (A) acetate: (P) propionate: ( B ) butyrate ratios measured during the last three days of non-inulin (N = 33) and inulin (N = 3) periods are therefore presented. Values with different letters in the same column of different reactors are significantly different with the Tukey-Kramer-HSD test (P < 0.05). (Stab) initial system stabilization periods, (Sal) Salmonella infection periods, (Ecol) E. coli L1000 treatments, (Bif) B. thermophilum RBL67 treatments, (Inulin) prebiotic inulin treatment.