Consequently, we assessed the contributions of RPs to C. jejuni’s H2O2 resistance under different temperature and oxygen conditions using a standard diffusion assay [17, 24]. Our results indicated that under all incubation conditions both ΔnapA and ΔfdhA were significantly more sensitive to H2O2, while ΔmfrA showed more resistance to the oxidant (Figure 1b) as compared to the wildtype. The altered susceptibility to H2O2 associated with different RPs, suggests that disparate RPs might be working collaboratively to maintain the homeostasis in C. learn more jejuni during H2O2 stress. This is

conceivable since in E. coli oxidized redox enzymes can lead to the formation of superoxide anions and H2O2[25]. Although the genes encoding the RPs included in this study, with the exception of mfrA, are known to be upregulated Emricasan mouse at 42°C [13], the higher incubation temperature did not drastically alter the observed H2O2 resistance phenotypes for four mutants (Figure 1b). However, ΔnapA’s susceptibility was always significantly more pronounced at 37°C (Figure 1b), but the precise reasons for AP26113 this temperature associated impact and its importance (e.g. in terms of human host colonization) are currently

not clear. Biofilm formation is an important mechanism for survival and persistence of C. jejuni in the environment [26]. Since formate dehydrogenase and nitrite reductase have been implicated in biofilm formation of two important bacterial pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively [27, 28], we investigated the role of RPs in C. jejuni’s ability to form biofilms under different environmental conditions using the crystal violet staining assay [15, 17]. Our results

clearly show that RPs can impact biofilm formation in C. jejuni. For example, ΔfdhA and ΔnapA were significantly deficient in biofilm formation at 37°C only in a microaerobic atmosphere and under ambient oxygen, respectively, while ΔnrfA and ΔnapA displayed an increased biofilm formation at Rebamipide 37°C only in anaerobic conditions (Figure 2, Table 1). Therefore, our results also show that the impact of certain RPs on the biofilm phenotype was dependent on incubation temperature and/or the oxygen concentration (Figure 2, Table 1). For example, as compared to the wildtype, the ΔmfrA displayed significantly deficient and increased biofilm formation under microaerobic conditions at 37°C and 42°C, respectively (Figure 2, Table 1). However, under anaerobic conditions, the ΔmfrA was only significantly impaired in biofilm formation at 42°C (Figure 2, Table 1), while under aerobic conditions and regardless of the temperature, there were no defects in the ΔmfrA’s biofilms as compared to the wildtype (Figure 2, Table 1).