Finally, deionized water was added to obtain a clear aqueous sol precursor, including Ti4+, Nb5+, and F− with concentrations of 0.5, 0.01, and 5.0 M, respectively. The sol precursor was transferred into a Teflon autoclave and then heated at 110°C for 20 h, followed with 20 h at 180°C in the furnace. The resulting precipitates were filtrated, centrifuged and washed with deionized

water and alcohol, and then dried at 50°C overnight in an oven. Characterization of the NFTSs The phase identification and crystal structure of the samples were measured by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD, X’pert PRO, PANalaytical, Holland, The Netherlands) with a monochromatized source of Cu Kα1. The sample morphology was characterized with a field-emission MK0683 price scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEM-6700 F, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM-2100, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The chemical composition of the sample was recorded by X-ray photoelectron

spectroscopy (XPS, AXIS-Ultra DLD, Kratos Analytical Ltd., Manchester, England) with a monochromatized Al Kα X-ray source. UV-visible diffusion reflectance spectroscopy measurements were carried out on a U-4100 spectrophotometer (Hitachi Co., Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a diffuse reflectance integration sphere attachment. Photocatalytic activity measurements HSP signaling pathway Photoirradiation was carried out with a 300-W Xe arc lamp fitted with an AM 1.5G filter to give a simulated light irradiance with an intensity of 100 mW cm−2. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the photodegradation of methyl orange Elongation factor 2 kinase (MO), whose initial concentration was 20

mg L−1. Before irradiation, the suspensions (0.1 g L−1) were ultrasonically dispersed in the dark for 60 min to ensure adsorption equilibrium. After irradiation, the absorbance of the MO solution was measured at regular intervals with a UV-vis spectrophotometer (UV-3300PC, Mapada, Shanghai, China). Results and discussion The SEM image of the NFTSs is displayed in Figure 1a. The hollow sphere structure is further corroborated by the corresponding SEM image (Figure 1b), which displays some broken ones. As shown, the outside diameter of the spheres is above 2 μm, while the inner diameter of the hollow section is about 1 μm. In the TEM image (Figure 1d), a number of nanorods with an average width of 20~30 nm and length of about 0.5 μm were arranged close together to form the sphere wall. Figure 1 The morphology and structure characterization of NFTSs. (a) SEM image, (b) a magnification of the SEM image of typical broken hollow spheres, (c) SAED image, (d) TEM images, (e) HRTEM image, and (f) XRD patterns of the NFTS sample. The NFTSs can be defined as anatase by the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) image (Figure 1c). Figure 1f shows the selleck kinase inhibitor normalized XRD pattern of the as-prepared NFTSs and P25. The peaks of the former can be accurately attributed to anatase TiO2 according to JCPDS no. 21-1272 without any other phase.