In contrast, there EPZ-6438 chemical structure appeared Selleckchem GSK2879552 to be little if any difference in vulnerability between trophic groups of rare introduced species. Table 2 Vulnerability of rare species to ant invasion: (A) logistic regression model predicting probability of being absent in ant-invaded plots (log likelihood = −88.10, G = 41.90, P < 0.001); (B) odds ratios for species groups being absent in invaded plots relative to introduced herbivores, the least vulnerable

group   Coef SE z P (A) Variables in final model Constant −2.3472 1.2204 −1.92 0.054 Order –a –a –a –a Ant density −0.0001 0.0001 −0.90 0.367 Provenanceb  Endemic 3.6374 0.9218 3.95 <0.001 Trophic rolec  Herbivore −0.2243 0.6822 −0.33 0.742  Detritivore 0.2234 0.6528 0.34 0.732 Provenance * trophic role  Endemic * herbivore −2.9266 1.1143 −2.63 0.009  Endemic * detritivore −2.3009 1.1523 −2.00 0.046 Group   Odds ratio 95% CI   (B) Odds ratio of being absent in invaded plots, relative to introduced herbivores Introduced detritivore 1.56 0.35,6.98 Introduced carnivore 1.25 0.33,4.77 Endemic herbivore Salubrinal supplier 2.04 0.60,6.96 Endemic detritivore 5.96 0.99,35.85 Endemic carnivore 47.55 6.57, 344.22 aOnly one order, Hymenoptera, had a coefficient significantly different from the reference order, Araneae (coef. on Hymenoptera = 3.083 ± 1.328, z = 2.32, P = 0.020)

bReference group = introduced cReference group = carnivore As with non-rare species, body size had no association with rare species vulnerability (P = 0.906 when added to final model). There was a small amount of phylogenetic signal with respect to vulnerability, with Hymenoptera (including both endemic and introduced species) being significantly more likely to GPX6 be absent in invaded plots than the reference order, Araneae (Table 2). Ant density was again relatively unimportant, and its removal did not qualitatively change the model. A classification table using a predicted probability cut point

of 0.5 indicated that the model correctly classified 73.5% of all species. However, only 42.4% of vulnerable species—those that were absent in invaded areas—were correctly classified. Likelihood of drastic population decline Endemic species that occurred at lower population densities were much more likely to exhibit patterns of drastic population decline compared to higher density species (Fig. 1). When this observed likelihood was corrected for the probability of obtaining patterns consistent with drastic decline purely by chance, species that occurred at densities of five to eight total individuals appeared to be at greatest risk (Fig. 1). While it is impossible to know for certain whether the highest observed rate of drastic decline among the rarest species (one to four individuals) was due more to actual vulnerability rather than sampling bias, it seems unlikely that these rare species would be less vulnerable than slightly more common species (five to eight individuals).