long enough (>100 years) then the radionuclide activity could have decreased below detectable levels. The immediate

land use around Site 1 (Fig. 1) is a rural, forested area, with little observed river channel erosion (e.g., extensive tree falls or cut banks). This suggests that the steeper hillslopes on the upper part of the watershed are producing much of the sediment. Similarly, the low level of these radionuclide activities at Site 3 (Fig. 2) implies that the sediments have not been exposed at the surface for decades. At this site a particularly interesting feature was a large, active hillslope failure that most likely attributed to the low level Volasertib solubility dmso activity of excess 210Pb. The Rockaway River (Fig. 1) is presently eroding a large (∼20 m high) unstable Wisconsin age till deposit that is contributing sediment to the river with very low or no 210Pb and 137Cs activities. These mass wasting events on Site 3 were evident after the flooding caused by heavy rainfall from Hurricane Irene in 2011. The river actively eroded large sections of the channel just downstream to Site 3 (Fig. 1), including one section that eroded one lane of and temporarily closed a local interstate

highway. Although Irene dramatically illustrated these hillslope processes, this event was 2–3 months after the river sediment was sampled and so did not affect our results. It does, however, indicate GSK1120212 nmr the possibility of episodic pulses of sediment being delivered to the watershed, as discussed in the core from Site 2. Feng et al. (2012) found that excess 210Pb activity in upland surficial (<20 cm) soils only in the urban and agricultural watersheds were 39.6 ± 8.9 Bq kg−1 and 46.7 ± 7.4 Bq kg−1, respectively (Table 2). Site 2 (Fig. 1) sediments showed the highest levels of excess 210Pb and 137Cs activities of the three sampled sites (Fig. 2). The magnitude of excess 210Pb activity on Site 2 is comparable to

that in the upland of both urban and agricultural watersheds (Table 2, Fig. 2). Therefore, surficial sediment sources are contributing relatively more sediment to this site, as indicated by the higher levels of excess 210Pb and presence of measurable 137Cs. The interpretations from Site 2 are corroborated by previous research in the area. Feng et al. (2012) sampled river sediment from two watersheds with varying land use and determined their radionuclide activity. The rural, predominantly forested and agricultural watershed had lower activity for excess 210Pb and 137Cs than the more urban watershed. The urban area’s increased impervious surfaces likely generated higher amounts of runoff and produce increased surficial erosion. Urban land use (e.g., construction, landscaping, etc.) also disturbs soil surfaces and these sediments may quickly travel to rivers bypassing sediment sinks storing legacy sediment.