The findings of this study stress the importance of promoting migrant-sensitive health care. There are two types of HIV, HIV-1 and HIV-2, and both entered the human population as a result of zoonotic transmission [1]. However, HIV-2 infection differs from HIV-1 infection MAPK Inhibitor Library screening in many respects. Although the modes of transmission

are the same as for HIV-1, the frequency of transmission is lower; the rates of sexual and vertical transmission are around 5–9 times and 10–20 times lower, respectively, than for HIV-1 [2, 3]. HIV-2-infected patients usually exhibit a slower disease progression and a higher proportion are long-term nonprogressors [4-6]. Experience with antiretroviral therapy is limited; when to start and which antiretroviral regimen to choose are still poorly defined. The natural resistance of HIV-2 to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and the absence of a gold standard method for quantification of plasma HIV-2 RNA are other important limitations in the clinical management of HIV-2-infected patients [7-9]. HIV-2 is not considered a global public health problem: while HIV-1 has spread globally, HIV-2 has remained mainly concentrated in West Africa and to a much lesser extent in Europe (primarily Portugal and France) [10, 11]. However, HIV-2 infection provides a unique opportunity to

study the pathogenesis of HIV infection in humans, and valuable EPZ5676 solubility dmso insights can be gained into HIV-1 from studies of HIV-2 [6]. Further, HIV-2 infection is an example of the impact of population mobility on the epidemiology of an infectious disease. In an increasingly globalized world, migration and population mobility will continue to challenge national disease prevention programmes and to demand new approaches as far as health services planning is concerned [12, 13]. Portugal has one of the highest estimated incidence Inositol monophosphatase 1 levels of HIV infection in Western

Europe, with the epidemic having mainly been driven by injecting drug use. During the last decade, however, sexual transmission has been reported as the predominant mode of transmission. Also, recently a clear decline was observed in both the number of reported AIDS cases (new cases halved from 961 in 2003 to 433 in 2009) and AIDS mortality (from 1000 deaths in 2001 to 708 in 2008) [14]. Although >95% of ever-notified HIV cases were HIV-1, Portugal is the European country with the highest prevalence of HIV-2 infection. Further, regions historically linked to Portugal, such as Angola, Mozambique, India and Brazil, have a higher frequency of HIV-2 infection than other countries [10, 11]. Since 1989, virus subtyping has been performed routinely in Portugal. HIV (type 1 or 2) diagnoses were reported to a national surveillance department on a voluntary basis until 2005, when notification became mandatory.