The observations that SPV-T3b pretreatment is effective at 4°C and in the presence of metabolic inhibitor sodium azide, and is not enhanced at 37°C indicate that blocking of internalization of TCR/CD3 complexes is unlikely to be responsible for the inhibitory effect of SPV-T3b pretreatment.

Moreover, sterical hindrance or stabilization of tetramer-binding by bound antibodies has been shown for antibodies against the coreceptor CD8, which can either learn more decrease or enhance CD8-dependent binding of certain MHC class I tetramers to human or murine T cells [4], [6], [7] and [10]. Surprisingly, antibodies T10B9 and WT31, which have been described to bind the TCRαβ heterodimer and not to the CD3 complex [37] and [38], did not interfere with tetramer-binding upon crosslinking. For the anti-CD3-specific antibodies that were analyzed, interference with tetramer-binding depends on the mAb that is used. Unfortunately, as it

is presently unknown which subunit of the CD3 complex forms the ligand of these anti-CD3 mAbs, it remains presently unknown which CD3 chain is the most effective target for tetramer-binding inhibition. Binding intensities of FITC-labeled anti-human CD3 mAbs HIT3a and UCHT1 were shown to be approximately 2-fold decreased when HLA/peptide selleck kinase inhibitor tetramer were prebound to human antigen-specific T cells in one study [9]. However, only minor inhibition of HLA/peptide tetramer binding was observed after preincubation with the anti-CD3 mAbs, and the competing effect of mAb UCHT1 was not confirmed by others [7]. We have found that crosslinking of the anti-CD3 mAb is required for its effect on specific tetramer-binding performed at 37 °C, which was also reported to enhance

the specificity of tetramer-binding, as compared to 4 °C [39]. In conclusion, our method of SPV-T3b pretreatment can contribute valuable data to studies of immunomonitoring of vaccinated patients, in which reactivity of T cells with HLA/peptide tetramers that can be blocked by SPV-T3b pretreatment represents cAMP the total antigen-specific T cell population, including unresponsive T cells. The authors declare no conflict of interest. We thank A. Pfauth, G. Sotthewes, M. Toebes, R. Gomez and E. Taanman-Kueter for excellent technical support and dr. D. van Baarle for kindly providing the HLA-A2/HIV tetramers. R.M. Luiten was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (grants NKI99-2048 and UVA2006-3606) and The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO-Vidi grant 917.56.337). “
“Crystal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are widely used for insect pest control in the forms of transgenic crops and spray formulations. However, the detailed mode of action of Bt toxin remains fragmented [5].