“
“A general calculation for the distribution of non-uniform demagnetization fields in paramagnetic bulk solids is described and the fields for various sample geometries are calculated. Cones, ellipsoids, paraboloids, and hyperboloids with similar sample aspect ratios are considered. Significant differences in their demagnetization fields are observed. The calculation shows that the demagnetization field magnitudes decrease along the axis of symmetry (along z) where an externally applied magnetic field is aligned, and increase in the vicinity of the lateral surfaces with the largest field values found in the cone and the narrowest field

distributions found in the 4EGI-1 in vitro hyperboloid. An application is made to the theoretical modeling of the (1)H-NMR

spectra of a single crystal of field-induced superconductor lambda-(BETS)(2)FeCl(4) with a rectangular sample geometry, providing a good fit to the measured NMR spectra. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3601117]“
“The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of formulation variables on development of carvedilol (CAR) proniosomal gel formulations as potential transdermal delivery systems. Different Volasertib nonionic surfactants; polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, namely Brij 78, Brij 92, and Brij 72; and sorbitan fatty acid esters (Span 60) were evaluated for their applicability in preparation of CAR proniosomal gels. A 2(3) full factorial design was employed

to evaluate individual and combined effects of formulation variables, namely cholesterol content, weight of proniosomes, and amount of CAR added on performance of proniosomes. Prepared proniosomes were evaluated regarding entrapment Selleckchem Apoptosis Compound Library efficiency (EE%), vesicle size, and microscopic examination. Also, CAR release through cellulose membrane and permeation through hairless mice skin were investigated. Proniosomes prepared with Brij 72 and Span 60 showed better niosome forming ability and higher EE% than those prepared with Brij 78 and Brij 92. Higher EE % was obtained by increasing both weight of proniosomes and amount of CAR added, and decreasing cholesterol content. Release rate through cellulose membrane was inversely affected by weight of proniosomes. In Span 60 proniosomes, on increasing percent of cholesterol, a decrease in release rate was observed. While in Brij 72 proniosomes, an enhancement in release rate was observed on increasing amount of CAR added. Permeation experiments showed that skin permeation was mainly affected by weight of proniosomes and that Span 60 proniosomal gels showed higher permeation enhancing effect than Brij 72. Proniosomal gel could constitute a promising approach for transdermal delivery of CAR.