The present study was
designed to test whether neurons in the lateral lemniscus contributed to the control of swallowing, one of non-phonic oro-pharyngolaryngeal movements. In acutely decerebrated cats (n = 15), swallowing was induced by electrical stimulation (20-80 pA at 10 Hz for 20 s with rectangular pulses of 0.2 ms duration) delivered to the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). Repetitive electrical stimulation (30-50 pA at 50 Hz for 10-20 s) applied to the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (LLD) increased the number and reduced the latency to the onset of the SLNinduced swallowing. On the other hand, stimulation of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and the paralemniscal area, corresponding to the ventrolateral part of the parabrachial click here nucleus and the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, often suppressed the SLN-induced swallowing. Microinjection of NMDA (0.1-0.15 pl, 5.0-10 mM) into the LLD through a stereotaxically placed glass micropipette facilitated the SLNinduced swallowing, i.e., the number was increased and muscimol (a gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA)A receptor agonist), bicuculline (a GABAA receptor antagonist) and baclofen (a GABAB receptor agonist) into the LLD (0.10.15 pl and 5.0 mM for each substance). It was observed that an injection of muscimol suppressed the SLN-induced swallowing. However, an injection of bicuculline
facilitated the swallowing. An injection of baclofen did not alter the swallowing. These results suggest the presence of functional check details topography in
the lateral lemniscus and the paralemniscal area in relation to the control of swallowing. The facilitatory LLD-effects Thiamine-diphosphate kinase on swallowing are modulated by glutamatergic and GABAergic receptors on neurons in the LLD. (C) 2013 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Lymphatic remodeling in inflammation has been found in tracheal mycoplasma infection, human kidney transplant, skin inflammation, peritonitis, and corneal inflammation. Here we investigated lymphangiogenesis in fibrotic area in unilateral ureteral obstruction, a model of progressive renal fibrosis, and evaluated the roles of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and -D in the obstructed kidney. Compared to sham-operated mice, the number of LYVE-1-positive lymphatic vessels, the proliferation of LYVE-1-positive lymphatic endothelial cells, along with VEGF-C and -D mRNA expression were all significantly increased following ureteral obstruction. Depletion of macrophages with clodronate decreased lymphangiogenesis in the obstructed kidney. VEGF-C expression was higher in M2- than in M1-polarized macrophages from bone marrow-derived macrophages, and also increased in Raw 264.7 or renal proximal tubule cells by stimulation with TGF-beta 1 or TNF-alpha.