, 2001 and Toepper et al., 2010). These studies have largely emphasized hippocampal—not PRC—contributions to working memory, which is not immediately consistent with the intact performance of the individuals with selective hippocampal damage reported here. Nonetheless, it seems likely that the conjunctive representations contained in PRC are essential to maintain information buy Erastin while shifting attention from one complex object to the other. It is important to note, however, that other studies have demonstrated that PRC damage impairs complex object perception on tasks with no working memory component (e.g., perception of single objects), suggesting the

deficits observed here are unlikely to be due entirely to working memory (Barense et al., 2011b and Lee and Rudebeck, 2010). That said, both perception and online maintenance of complex objects require the ability to represent conjunctions of object features, and thus, impoverished representations will cause deficits in both processes.

As such, we prefer to consider these findings in terms of a representational deficit, rather than a deficit in a given psychological construct (e.g., working memory versus perception). Here, across four experiments, we present results from a perceptual discrimination task that was shown with eye tracking to emphasize processing conjunctions of object Paclitaxel features (experiment 1) and with fMRI to recruit the PRC (experiment 2). Individuals with MTL damage that included the PRC, but not those with damage limited to the hippocampus, were impaired on this task (experiment 3). Critically, when we minimized perceptual interference

through by reducing the number of repeating features across successive trials, we recovered performance of the MTL cases to normal levels (experiment 4). In contrast to conventional accounts of MTL amnesia, the performance of the MTL cases with PRC damage reported here offers the somewhat paradoxical conclusion that intact memory for irrelevant, lower-level features processed on previous trials can impair perception in cases with memory disorders. These data are thus not consistent with the view of the MTL as a unitary, dedicated memory system. The data are, however, perfectly consistent with the predictions of the representational-hierarchical theory, which states that the PRC is necessary for representing the conjunctions of features that distinguish perceptually similar objects. These representations become especially critical when the capacity of more posterior regions in the ventral visual stream is exceeded by presentations of multiple, similar features across trials. Indeed, these data provide the first conclusive evidence from humans to complement the related findings from rat lesion studies and computational modeling: namely, that performance of individuals with PRC damage can be rescued by reducing the degree of perceptual interference ( Bartko et al., 2010, Burke et al., 2010, Cowell et al., 2006 and McTighe et al.