Conclusion: Combined with historical evidence there is a strong suggestion that very low risks
of locally acquired malaria exist today within Nairobi’s city limits and this requires further investigation. To be prepared for effective prevention and case-management of malaria among a diverse, mobile population in Nairobi requires a major paradigm shift and investment in improved quality of malaria diagnosis and case management, health system strengthening and case reporting.”
“Background: Foot ulcers are one of the main diabetes complications due to its high frequency and difficulty of complete healing. There are several factors that participate in diabetic ulcers development and limited information exists about the role of antimicrobial selleck products peptides (AMP) in its pathogenesis.
Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the expression pattern of the main AMPs: Human Neutrophil Peptide (HNP)-1, Human beta-defensin (HBD)-1, HBD-2, HBD-3, HBD-4 and cathelicidin LL-37 in biopsies from diabetic foot
ulcers (DFU).
Methods: 20 biopsies from DFU grade 3 according to Wagner’s classification and 20 biopsies from healthy see more donors were obtained. Real time PCR, immunohistochemistry and primary cell cultures were performed.
Results: beta-Defensins were overexpressed in DFU, whereas LL-37 has low or none expression in comparison with healthy skin. When primary cell culture from these biopsies were performed and infected with Staphylococcus
aureus, epidermal cell from diabetic ulcers showed lower LL-37 expression compared with cell cultures from healthy donors skin.
Conclusion: These results suggest that though most AMPs are expressed in DFU, this production is not appropriate to promote wound healing and contain secondary infections. (C) 2011 Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Accumulating isotopic evidence from fossil hominin tooth enamel has provided unexpected insights into early hominin dietary ecology. Among the South African australopiths, these data demonstrate significant contributions to the diet of carbon originally fixed by C(4) photosynthesis, consisting of C(4) Selleckchem ARN-509 tropical/savannah grasses and certain sedges, and/or animals eating C(4) foods. Moreover, high-resolution analysis of tooth enamel reveals strong intra-tooth variability in many cases, suggesting seasonal-scale dietary shifts. This pattern is quite unlike that seen in any great apes, even ‘savannah’ chimpanzees. The overall proportions of C(4) input persisted for well over a million years, even while environments shifted from relatively closed (ca 3 Ma) to open conditions after ca 1.8 Ma. Data from East Africa suggest a more extreme scenario, where results for Paranthropus boisei indicate a diet dominated (approx. 80%) by C(4) plants, in spite of indications from their powerful ‘nutcracker’ morphology for diets of hard objects.