g., the Seal Sands borehole is the deepest borehole in UK at 4194 m; the Kola Superdeep Borehole at 12,262 m is the deepest borehole in the world, whereas Sakhalin-1 at 12,345 m is the longest). Here, changes to the rock fabric include the drilling of the borehole itself, together with any associated caving-in of the hole, especially where

poorly indurated rocks are drilled. Ancillary changes include infiltration of drilling mud into porous rock, and the addition to the rock mass of any casing left in the hole. Boreholes are no longer simply vertical holes, but now may involve arrays of carefully directed low-angle or horizontal holes steered so as to fully exploit underground resources. Fig. 3 shows the ∼1 million Selleck RG7204 boreholes in Great Britain colour-coded by depth (Fig. 4). By contrast with mining, the material extracted through boreholes is in fluid form (liquid or gas), selleckchem replacing oil, for instance by water drawn in from adjacent rocks (or with high-pressure carbon dioxide pumped down for sequestration or simply to enhance oil recovery). These changes to pore fluid composition may nowadays be tracked in real time with geophysical methods, and may be associated both with diagenetic mineralization and with topographic changes at the surface. A specific

variant is represented by the ∼1500 boreholes drilled in some restricted parts of the world for underground nuclear test explosions

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing). The holes here are mostly obliterated by a rather larger trace, comprising a mass of strongly shock-brecciated rock surrounding a melt core (both these faces currently being strongly radioactive), commonly being surrounded by roughly circular fault systems, outlining surface crater systems that, in the Yucca Flats test site, reach several hundred metres across (Grasso, 2000 and NNSA, 2005). The Cannikin underground test on Amchitka Island in the Aleutian chain generated sufficient melt that, cooled and crystallized, is equivalent to a moderate-sized Astemizole volcanic lava dome (Eichelberger et al., 2002). Increasingly, storage facilities are being constructed in the subsurface, in many cases because it is considered a safer environment to store potentially dangerous materials. These storage facilities may be constructed specifically to hold the materials, or in many cases re-use existing caverns produced during mineral excavation. These facilities are used to temporarily store energy resources, e.g. Liquefied Petroleum Gas or compressed air energy storage, to provide long-term burial of hazardous wastes such as nuclear waste, CO2 sequestration, or the re-use of mined spaces such as halite for the safe preservation of records or armaments stores within a controlled environment.

Pectinase is an enzyme able to degrade pectic substances by hydrolyzing the ester bond between galacturonic acid and methanol or by cleaving the glycosidic bonds of specific

polymers [22]. Indeed, Jin et al [17] used pectinase to hydrolyze ginsenosides and found that compound K is more readily absorbed from HGE compared to non-HGE in human individuals. Compound K has received increasing attention because various pharmacologic actions including anticancer [25], anti-inflammation [26], and antidiabetes [27] were shown to be mediated by this compound. Using pectinase-hydrolyzed ginseng extract, Ramesh et al [28] found an improved antioxidant status and minimized occurrence of oxidative stress-related disorders in aged rats. Moreover, Yuan et al [29] and [30] reported that pectinase-processed ginseng radix had antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects in high Trametinib fat diet-fed ICR mice. Taken together, pectinase seems to be an effective tool to transform ginsenosides into deglycosylated ginsenosides, thereby enhancing the bioavailability and functionality of ginseng. Our data demonstrate that 8 wk of HGE supplementation causes a significant reduction in FPG (p = 0.017)

and PPG60min (p = 0.01) in IFG individuals. Such reductions may be due to one or a combination of different mechanisms, including intestinal glucose absorption [31] and [32], insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells see more [33], or peripheral glucose utilization [34]. After the supplementation of HGE, noticeable but not significant difference was found in the glucose level at an earlier time point (PPG30min, p = 0.059) during OGTT. This result suggests that HGE slows the absorption of glucose in the intestinal lumen. Also, our findings of significant decreases in FPG and PPG60min suggest one additional possibility, in which HGE improves glucose intolerance through increasing

the insulin action on the target tissues responsible for glucose uptake. Moreover, FPI (p = 0.063) and PPI60min (p = 0.077) showed a tendency to improve in the HGE group compared to the placebo group. In supporting this possibility, ginsenosides CK and Rg1 have been reported to enhance insulin-mediated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which is related to the increased ADAM7 GLUT4 translocation [27] and [35]. Similarly, administration of HGE improves glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance state (or glucose and lipid parameters) in high fat diet-fed mice via activation of AMP-dependent protein kinase in muscle tissue [29] and [30]. In this study, however, there was no significant difference in HOMA-β, suggesting no effect on insulin secretion. In contrast to our results, studies reveal that ginseng significantly stimulates insulin release from pancreatic β-cells [36] and [37]. These discrepancies could be due to the differences in designs (human studies vs. animal studies) and materials (hydrolyzed ginseng vs. nonhydrolyzed ginseng) used in the studies.

The observations that SPV-T3b pretreatment is effective at 4°C and in the presence of metabolic inhibitor sodium azide, and is not enhanced at 37°C indicate that blocking of internalization of TCR/CD3 complexes is unlikely to be responsible for the inhibitory effect of SPV-T3b pretreatment.

Moreover, sterical hindrance or stabilization of tetramer-binding by bound antibodies has been shown for antibodies against the coreceptor CD8, which can either learn more decrease or enhance CD8-dependent binding of certain MHC class I tetramers to human or murine T cells [4], [6], [7] and [10]. Surprisingly, antibodies T10B9 and WT31, which have been described to bind the TCRαβ heterodimer and not to the CD3 complex [37] and [38], did not interfere with tetramer-binding upon crosslinking. For the anti-CD3-specific antibodies that were analyzed, interference with tetramer-binding depends on the mAb that is used. Unfortunately, as it

is presently unknown which subunit of the CD3 complex forms the ligand of these anti-CD3 mAbs, it remains presently unknown which CD3 chain is the most effective target for tetramer-binding inhibition. Binding intensities of FITC-labeled anti-human CD3 mAbs HIT3a and UCHT1 were shown to be approximately 2-fold decreased when HLA/peptide selleck kinase inhibitor tetramer were prebound to human antigen-specific T cells in one study [9]. However, only minor inhibition of HLA/peptide tetramer binding was observed after preincubation with the anti-CD3 mAbs, and the competing effect of mAb UCHT1 was not confirmed by others [7]. We have found that crosslinking of the anti-CD3 mAb is required for its effect on specific tetramer-binding performed at 37 °C, which was also reported to enhance

the specificity of tetramer-binding, as compared to 4 °C [39]. In conclusion, our method of SPV-T3b pretreatment can contribute valuable data to studies of immunomonitoring of vaccinated patients, in which reactivity of T cells with HLA/peptide tetramers that can be blocked by SPV-T3b pretreatment represents cAMP the total antigen-specific T cell population, including unresponsive T cells. The authors declare no conflict of interest. We thank A. Pfauth, G. Sotthewes, M. Toebes, R. Gomez and E. Taanman-Kueter for excellent technical support and dr. D. van Baarle for kindly providing the HLA-A2/HIV tetramers. R.M. Luiten was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (grants NKI99-2048 and UVA2006-3606) and The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO-Vidi grant 917.56.337). “
“Crystal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are widely used for insect pest control in the forms of transgenic crops and spray formulations. However, the detailed mode of action of Bt toxin remains fragmented [5].

Steelman, PhD,

RN, CNOR, FAAN Patricia Stein, MAOL, BSN, RN, CNOR James X. Stobinski, PhD, RN, CNOR Kristin Alt Styer, MSN, RN, CPAN Sunday Swymer, BSN, RN, CNOR Julienne Thibeau, MSN, RN, CNOR, CNS Julia A. Thompson, PhD, RN, APRN, CNOR Pat Turner, MPA, BSN, RN Wendelyn Valentine, MS(N), RN, CNOR Sharon A. Van Wicklin, MSN, RN, CNOR, CRNFA, CPSN, PLNC V. Doreen Wagner, PhD, MSN, RN, CNOR Maryann Wells, PhD, RN, FAAN C. J. Welter, BSN, RN, CNOR, CRNFA If you enjoy reading and critiquing manuscripts and have an interest in maintaining the high quality of the AORN Journal, please consider joining the Review Panel. Reviewers must be available for at least one year and be able to work online. For consideration, please send your resume or curriculum C646 vitae to [email protected]. “
“Figure options Download full-size image Download high-quality image (89 K) Download as PowerPoint slide Elouise Hardy passed away August 20, 2011, in Norwalk, Ohio.

Selleckchem SP600125 Hardy was a graduate of St Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing in Cleveland, and she worked as a nurse at the Fisher Titus Medical Center in Norwalk for 25 years before retiring in 1995. She joined AORN in 1973 and was a charter member of the Ohio State Council. She was active in the AORN National Legislative Committee for many years and was profiled in Members Making a Difference in the February 2009 issue of AORN Connections for her grassroots political efforts in promoting RN circulator legislation for the state of Ohio. She was quoted as saying, “Every nurse needs to know what is going on with health care reform and legislation, and the best way to do that is to be an AORN legislative grassroots member.” Hardy was also a founder of the Retired Nurses Specialty Assembly. “
“DEC

2011, VOL 94, NO 6, page 572. Figure 1 in the article, “Using a learning needs assessment to identify knowledge deficits regarding Amisulpride procedural sedation for pediatric patients,” contains printing errors in section V on lines B, C, D, and F. The corrected figure is available online at http://www.aornjournal.org/article/S0001-2092(11)00980-X/fulltext#fig1. The corrected lines read as follows: B Partial laryngospasm The publisher regrets the error. “
“S11 Message From AORN “
“Editor-in-Chief Joy Don Baker, PhD, RN-BC, CNE, CNOR, NEA-BC Send manuscripts tohttp://ees.elsevier.com/aorn. Send editorial correspondence [email protected]. The AORN Journal is a peer-reviewed journal. George D. Allen, PhD, RN, CNOR, CIC, Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn, NY Carol Dungan Applegeet, MSN, RN, CNOR, NEA-BC, FAAN Kettering Medical Center Kettering, OH Sharon L.

This therefore leads to a build up of surfactant [16]. The mainstay of treatment is managing

Bortezomib mouse the underlying malignancy [1], [6] and [9]. Whole lung lavage and GM-CSF therapy are options. In conclusion, the literature mainly discusses treatments for primary and congenital PAP. As secondary PAP is extremely rare, there is no specific recommended therapy. Treatment is centred on treating the underlying cause [1], [5] and [6] and providing symptomatic relief. The prognosis of PAP can be worse with atypical infections such as pneumocystis carinii [2], mycobacterium and viruses [1], [5] and [8]. This leads to increased morbidity [1] and mortality for patients with secondary PAP [6]. The accumulation of surfactant encourages microorganisms to grow and the susceptibility is further increased by abnormal macrophages [6] and [7]. The use of steroids should therefore not be encouraged [5]. Ultimately, the prognosis of secondary PAP is dependent on the course of the underlying disease. There is no conflict of interest. “
“Patient no 1 is a man who was 49 years old at the time of admission. He is a never-smoker who has worked several years as a carpenter. He had been occupationally exposed to stone dust, but not GDC-0449 in vitro to asbestos. Patient no 2 is

his two years younger sister who was admitted to our hospital, also at the age of 49. She is a never-smoking woman, working in an office, and had no known exposure to harmful dusts. They were both previously healthy, the brother born deaf, though, assumingly because his mother was infected with rubella during pregnancy. They have no known hereditary diseases, and there are no other siblings. None of them have had any trauma or had a tracheostoma, nor have they had previous recurrent infections. Both presented with worsening dyspnoe, cough and non-characteristic very chest pain over a period of 4–6

months, and both had been treated by their GPs with antibiotics, without any improvement. At the time of admission, patient no 1 had spirometry values consistent with airway obstruction with FVC 4.5 l (98% of predicted), FEV1 2.7 l (73%). The sister’s initial spirometry showed FVC 2.6 l (77%), FEV1 1.2 l (41%), FEV1/FVC 0.46, and a considerable compromised inspiratory curve. They both had TLC between 70 and 80% predicted, RV 80–90% and DLCO within the normal range on serial measurements. Both had an elevated CRP, 61 for patient no 1 and 47 for patient no 2. Blood leukocyte and eosinophils were normal, there was no hypercalcemia, and ACE levels were in the lower normal area. Extensive diagnostic investigations were undertaken for both patients.

3 to 4651.3 μg/kg (mean 1689.8 μg/kg), and DON was detected in 61.6% samples from the northern region at levels ranging from 222.6 to 4732.3 μg/kg

(mean 2031.4 μg/kg). No significant difference was observed (p > 0.05) by the Mann–Whitney Test in the mean DON levels between the two regions investigated. HDAC inhibitor Paraná State accounts for approximately 56% of the national wheat production, and several municipalities from the northern region are among the main national producers. Table 2 shows the natural occurrence of DON in the 2008 and 2009 growing seasons. According to the Mann–Whitney Test, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was found in mean DON levels from the two growing seasons. DON was detected in 61.9% of samples from the 2008 growing season, with levels ranging from 206.3 to 4651.3 μg/kg (mean of

1750.8 μg/kg), whereas DON was detected in 72% of samples from the 2009 season (2051.1 μg/kg), with levels ranging from 300.3 to 4732.3 μg/kg ( Fig. 1). DON levels from the 2008 and 2009 growing seasons ( Table 2) were higher than those observed in the 2006 and 2007 growing seasons Veliparib in vitro (8 non-detected samples in 2006, and 1 positive sample in 2007 over 7 samples; unpublished data) due to an outbreak of FHB that occurred in these years in northern Paraná State. In 2009, cultivation was delayed because the region received atypical rainfall during April, the month that wheat cultivation usually begins in Paraná. From June to August of that year, the region received approximately 400 mm of rainfall, above the historical average Org 27569 of approximately 200 mm ( IAPAR, 2009). A relationship between FHB outbreaks and wet conditions during flowering has been previously reported ( Pan, Bonsignore, Rivas, Perera, & Bettucci, 2007). In a study conducted in Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil), Del Ponte, Garda-Buffon, and Badiale-Furlong (2012) revealed higher DON levels in the growing seasons of 2007 and 2008 than in 2006. The authors emphasised that a higher prevalence

of DON may be partially related to the higher risk of FHB epidemics during those years. Stanković et al. (2012) observed higher DON levels in wheat from Serbia in 2005 (605.5 μg/kg) when compared to the 2007 growing season (282.8 μg/kg) and suggested that rainfall at the time of flowering was the decisive factor. The maximum DON level tolerated by the Commission of The European Communities (2007) for unprocessed durum wheat is set at 1750 μg/kg. In Brazil, a specific guideline for DON was recently published by the Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA; Brasil, 2011). The limits in whole wheat grains and whole wheat flour are set at 2000 μg/kg and 1750 μg/kg to wheat flour. Under the maximum limits proposed by the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency for whole wheat grains, 71 samples (62.8%) were safe for human consumption (Fig. 1). The limit will be decreased over time to allow grain producers and the industry to adapt to the legislation without causing a shortage of wheat.

For capillary

electrophoresis (CE), the basic anion buffer (Part No.: 5064-8209) used for sugar and Dabrafenib chemical structure organic acid analysis was purchased from Agilent (Santa Clara, CA). Glucose, fructose, and citric acid were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Co. Ltd. and sucrose and malic acid from Fluka (Poole, UK). For solid-phase extraction (SPE), HPLC-grade methanol was purchased from Merck Ltd. (Poole, UK) and methyl acetate, sodium sulphate and HPLC grade water from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). 3-Chlorophenol and the alkane standard C7–C30 (1000 μg/ml) in hexane were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Co. Ltd. (Gillingham, UK). For dynamic headspace extraction (DHE), compounds used as standards were SNS-032 supplier obtained from Sigma–Aldrich Co. Ltd. 1,2-dichlorobenzene in methanol (130.6 μg/ml) and the alkane standards C6–C25 (100 μg/ml) in diethyl ether. The EZ-Faast amino acid analysis kit (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA) was used for the analysis of amino acids by GC–MS. Norvaline was obtained from Sigma–Aldrich Co. Ltd. One melon from each point (maturity, genotype) was rinsed in cold running tap water, the skin (0.8 cm) and the seeds were removed and the remaining fruit was chopped and blended in a food processor.

Portions of 200 g were weighed into polypropylene centrifuge bottles (250 ml; Nalge Nunc International, Rochester, NY) and the bottles were centrifuged at 21,859g for 20 min at 4 °C in a RC-6C Plus Sorvall R centrifuge (Thermo Scientific, P-type ATPase Waltham, MA). For chemical analysis,

the supernatant juice was filtered under vacuum using a Whatman filter No. 1 (GE Healthcare UK Ltd., Buckinghamshire, UK), in order to remove any tissue particles, and the filtrate was used for all the analyses. Three replicate fruits were prepared for each point. Portions of the 12 melon extracts were used immediately for sensory and volatile analysis, while the remainder was stored at −20 °C prior to semi-volatile and non-volatile analyses. Melon juice (2 ml) obtained as described above, was transferred to a 250-ml conical flask with a screw-thread neck and 10 ml of water were added. The flask was then placed in the water bath at 37 °C, and a flow of nitrogen swept the volatiles for 1 h at 40 ml/min onto a glass-lined, stainless steel trap (105 × 3 mm i.d.) containing 85 mg of Tenax TA (Scientific Glass Engineering Ltd, Ringwood, Australia). Internal standard (1 μl of 130.6 μg/ml 1,2-dichlorobenzene in methanol) was added to the trap at the end of the collection, and excess solvent and any water retained on the trap were removed by purging the trap with nitrogen at 100 ml/min for 10 min. Traps were thermally desorbed in a CHIS injection port (Scientific Glass Engineering Ltd) attached to a HP5890/5972 GC–MS (Agilent) as described by Elmore, Parker, Halford, Muttucumaru, and Mottram (2008).

, 1999). So, the sample matrix clearly affected the amperometric recordings, thus samples were 10-fold diluted before BIA injections. Souza et al. (2011) reported the presence CP-673451 cell line of H2O2 in more than 60% of the analyzed Brazilian UHT milk samples from the main producer areas of the country. The identification of H2O2 involved a qualitative colorimetric assay based on the oxidation of guaiacol (colorless)

by H2O2 catalyzed by peroxidase (typical protein presented in UHT-processed milk). This colorimetric method is in accordance with the Brazilian official protocol for milk analysis (Brasil, 2006). In this way, six Brazilian UHT milk samples processed in industrial plants located in regions selected in the work of Souza et al. (2011) were analyzed (four samples from the Southeast region and two samples from the Mid-west region). Hydrogen peroxide was not detected in

all samples using the proposed BIA-amperometric method. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed BIA method for milk analysis, all samples were spiked with 300 and 800 mg L−1 H2O2 (8.8 and 23.5 mmol−1) and analyzed after a 10-fold dilution using a calibration curve from 0.34 to 3.40 mmol L−1 H2O2. Table 1 presents the respective recovery values. Recovery values from 85% to 107% for the analysis of low and high-fat milk samples were obtained, which can be considered acceptable for such a complex sample. Fig. 4 depicts repeatability data obtained from successive injections (n = 9) of a 10-fold diluted sample spiked with 300 mg L−1 H2O2 (final concentration of H2O2 was 30 mg L−1). These results indicated that click here there was no interference of sample matrix on continuous amperometric measurements. The RSD value was 0.76% which was similar to repeatability RSD value obtained in standard solutions (0.85%). The continuous amperometric monitoring by PB-modified electrodes can be affected not AZD9291 in vitro only by sample matrix but also by losses

of electrocatalyst. Previous report has demonstrated that PB-modified electrodes obtained by electrodeposition underwent such an operational instability, which limited the sensor to 3 h in flow-injection-analysis systems (Karyakin & Karyakina, 1999). Polymeric coatings become necessary to overcome such a drawback and even to eliminate interferences from sample matrix on electrochemical response (Ping et al., 2010). The proposed PB-modified graphite-composite electrode was highly stable as Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 have shown and did not require any additional coating. A simple mechanical polishing provided a fresh electrode surface with elevated reproducibility of the amperometric response (RSD = 1.6%, n = 5). Moreover, the storage stability of the PB-modified graphite-composite surpassed 1 year keeping equivalent performance as initially presented. The modified electrode which presented an initial slope value of −34 μA L mmol−1 (R = 0.999) (calibration curve presented in Fig.

Il élabore et lance le grand chantier du pôle Mère–Enfant de Montreuil avant son départ en 2003–2004, pour une année Adriamycin sabbatique à Ho Chi Min Ville, au Vietnam, où il participe à l’ouverture de l’hôpital Franco-Vietnamien. Sa préoccupation de l’organisation et de la sécurité servira aussi ses nombreuses missions d’expert-visiteur auprès de la HAS, qu’il égrènera au fil de ses années d’exercice. Dès 2006, il devient chef de service, puis responsable de pôle de la maternité Robert-Ballanger à Aulnay-sous-Bois et en assurait jusqu’à son décès le développement

et la réorganisation. Stéphane était donc accoucheur, chirurgien, chef d’équipe, bâtisseur, et – n’en déplaise à certains –, était aussi aventurier au grand cœur, le troisième axe de ses engagements manifestés tôt dans sa trajectoire par son action auprès

de Médecins du Monde. Il aura mené des missions d’enseignement chirurgical comme d’organisation des soins primaires le plus souvent en Asie, mais aussi en Afrique. Il a toujours travaillé dans la diversité des cultures, et certains se souviendront de ses prises de position contre les attitudes fondamentalistes qui l’irritaient, lui qui a toujours privilégié l’ouverture d’esprit et le service public. Mais, au moment d’écrire ce petit mot, le Stéphane auquel je pense n’est pas le collègue, ou même le professionnel, aussi dynamique

ou parfois agaçant qu’il ait été, mais l’ami et le complice http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pd-0332991-palbociclib-isethionate.html qu’il fut durant plus de 30 ans. Des bancs de fac, aux sous-colles d’internat, entre deux fêtes amicales et vacances en troupe, nous avons traversé les étapes de la vie, ses difficultés et ses joies. Je perds donc aussi un grand ami, que la maladie a éprouvé, qui y a courageusement résisté, et s’est battu jusqu’à l’extrémité dernière accompagné des siens : sa femme et ses trois filles et ses nombreux amis. Il laisse un vide, bien sûr, mais aussi une solide trace de détermination et de courage, et de multiples projets en cours qu’il appartiendra à d’autres de poursuivre et développer. Il a passé le flambeau mais son souvenir restera below un appui pour nous tous lors des moments de doute et de solitude. Stéphane Saint-Léger s’est éteint le 10 décembre 2012. “
” Le 21 décembre 2010, quelques jours avant Noël, Jean-Patrick Schaal, l’homme à l’éternel Lewis 501 et à la chemise blanche, nous quittait après quelques mois d’une pénible et terrible maladie. La très vive et presque unanime émotion qu’a suscitée sa disparition a prouvé le caractère exceptionnel du personnage. L’obstétrique française a perdu non seulement un incontestable leader mais surtout un de ses principaux piliers. Son infaillible implication pour la discipline va laisser un vide immense qui n’est pas près d’être comblé.

Jonsson, personal observation). Based on literature and field expert knowledge we a priori classified lichens sensitive to light (and associated climatic conditions like drought) and lichens promoted by open habitats, and both groups increased in number with time. This may seem contradictory but for some species

it may be explained by a delayed response, i.e. a time-lag between an environmental change and extinction. this website Some species sensitive to light, e.g. Mycobilimbia carneoalbida and M. epixanthoides still survived on the north side of the stem in young forests, although often in a worse state and in smaller populations (F. Jonsson, personal observation, see also Hedenås and Hedström 2007). The increase could be due to an overestimation of the sensitivity of some lichens to the disturbance caused by logging operations. Old, large solitary aspens have been almost non-existing in young production forests regenerating after clear-cutting, introduced in the 1950s. The recent applications of retention approaches have restored BKM120 trees in such an environment, and consequently it is a habitat with associated species communities, including

light- and drought-sensitive species, unknown to most lichenologists. The total number of cyanolichens did not differ between the two age classes. Leptogium teretiusculum was much more common in the young forest and Arctomia delicatula, Collema occultatum var. populinum, Leptochidium albociliatum, L. subtile, Peltigera didactyla and Peltigera membranacea

were only found in this age class. Collema nigrescens and Parmeliella triptophylla on the other hand were more common on the clearcuts. There are different opinions regarding cyanolichens Parvulin and their ability to cope with disturbances. According to Hedenås and Hedström (2007) and also Coxson and Stevenson (2005) cyanolichens should be more tolerant to changes in microclimate following a disturbance such as logging, while Richardson and Cameron (2004) found that cyanolichens were sensitive to disturbance. In one study two crustose green-algae lichens were less common on retained trees than on trees in old forest, while three cyanolichens showed an opposite pattern ( Hedenås and Hedström, 2007). The most important conclusion from our results regarding cyanolichens is that they can cope with logging disturbance quite well, at least for 10–16 years. This could have several possible explanations: (1) clear-felling does not affect the cyanolichen community; epiphytic cyanolichens are quite disturbance-resistant and only need their host tree (2) there might be a time-lag in their response or (3) truly disturbance-sensitive cyanolichens have gone extinct already from the old forest or prior to the inventory. Spore-dispersed lichens were more numerous in the young forest, as we expected.