Thus, interactions between drug effects and motivational state are crucial in defining the effects of MPH and ATX. Neuropsychopharmacology (2011) 36, 1237-1247; doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.9; published online 23 February 2011″
“To evaluate the impact of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) algorithms available on intensive care unit ventilators on the incidence of patient-ventilator asynchrony in patients receiving NIV for acute respiratory

failure.\n\nProspective multicenter randomized cross-over study.\n\nIntensive care units in three university hospitals.\n\nPatients consecutively admitted to the ICU and treated by NIV with an ICU ventilator were included. Airway pressure, flow and surface diaphragmatic JNK-IN-8 electromyography were recorded continuously during two 30-min periods, with the NIV (NIV+) or without the NIV algorithm (NIV0). Asynchrony events, the asynchrony index (AI) and a specific asynchrony index influenced by leaks (AIleaks) were determined from tracing analysis.\n\nSixty-five patients were included. With and without the NIV algorithm, respectively, auto-triggering was present in 14 (22%) and 10 (15%) patients, ineffective breaths in 15 (23%) and 5 (8%) (p = 0.004), late cycling in 11 (17%) and 5 (8%) (p = 0.003), premature cycling in 22 (34%) and 21 (32%), and double triggering in 3 (5%) and 6 (9%). The mean number of asynchronies influenced by leaks

PX-478 mouse was significantly reduced by the NIV algorithm (p < 0.05). A significant correlation was found between the magnitude of leaks and AIleaks when the NIV algorithm was not activated (p = 0.03). The global AI remained unchanged, mainly because on some ventilators with the NIV algorithm premature cycling occurs.\n\nIn acute respiratory failure, NIV algorithms provided by ICU ventilators can 3MA reduce the incidence of asynchronies because of leaks, thus confirming bench test results, but some of these algorithms can generate premature cycling.”
“We have surveyed the effects of different acid catalysts, reaction times, and temperatures on the yield, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity and calculated the ketoxime isomerization and activation

energy of the title compound. A facile synthetic procedure with good yields and good regio- and stereoselectivity for Beckmann rearrangement of oxime sulfonate with ZnCl2 in the presence of solvent is developed.”
“Background: An interval of 3-4 weeks between intramuscular injections of 1.2 million units of benzathine penicillin G as prophylaxis against group A streptococcal infection is recommended by health organizations for patients with pediatric rheumatic fever and heart disease.\n\nMethods: We reviewed the literature for evidence of the persistence of serum penicillin G during the first 4 weeks after the recommended dose of benzathine penicillin G.\n\nResults: The weighted-mean concentration was <0.02 mu g/mL by 3 weeks after the initial dose.

Considering the therapeutic

transplantation of OECs, however, the basic question to date is not ‘how’ to translate but rather ‘what’ selleck inhibitor to translate into clinical practice. The aim of the present article is to provide a summary of the current literature and to define the open issues relevant for translating basic research on OECs into clinical practice. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Alterations in epigenetic marks, including methylation or acetylation, are common in human cancers. For many epigenetic pathways, however, direct measures of activity are unknown, making their role in various cancers difficult to assess. Gene expression signatures facilitate the examination of patterns of epigenetic pathway activation across and within human cancer types allowing Tipifarnib clinical trial better understanding of the relationships between these pathways.\n\nMethods: We used Bayesian regression to generate gene expression signatures from normal epithelial cells before and after epigenetic pathway activation. Signatures were applied to datasets from TCGA, GEO, CaArray, ArrayExpress, and the cancer cell line encyclopedia. For TCGA data, signature results were correlated with copy number variation and DNA methylation changes. GSEA

was used to identify biologic pathways related to the signatures.\n\nResults: We developed and validated signatures reflecting downstream effects of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), histone deacetylase( HDAC) 1, HDAC4, sirtuin 1(SIRT1), and DNA methyltransferase 2(DNMT2). By applying these

signatures to data from cancer cell lines and tumors in large public repositories, we identify those cancers that have the highest and lowest learn more activation of each of these pathways. Highest EZH2 activation is seen in neuroblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, small cell lung cancer, and melanoma, while highest HDAC activity is seen in pharyngeal cancer, kidney cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Across all datasets studied, activation of both EZH2 and HDAC4 is significantly underrepresented. Using breast cancer and glioblastoma as examples to examine intrinsic subtypes of particular cancers, EZH2 activation was highest in luminal breast cancers and proneural glioblastomas, while HDAC4 activation was highest in basal breast cancer and mesenchymal glioblastoma. EZH2 and HDAC4 activation are associated with particular chromosome abnormalities: EZH2 activation with aberrations in genes from the TGF and phosphatidylinositol pathways and HDAC4 activation with aberrations in inflammatory and chemokine related genes.\n\nConclusion: Gene expression patterns can reveal the activation level of epigenetic pathways. Epigenetic pathways define biologically relevant subsets of human cancers. EZH2 activation and HDAC4 activation correlate with growth factor signaling and inflammation, respectively, and represent two distinct states for cancer cells.

The diagnosis of the tribe Didymozoini Monticelli, 1888 is amended RG-7112 clinical trial to incorporate the genus Brasicystis, which is redescribed and revalidated here, with the proposal of an amended key. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The striped

stem borer moth, Chilo suppressalis, consists of two host-associated populations: a rice-feeding population and a water-oats-feeding population. We investigated the seasonal occurrence of each population using sex pheromone traps in paddy fields and adjacent water-oats vegetation. Trapped males were individually classified into their respective populations by morphometric analyses of genitalia. Although the first flight of the water-oats population was long, with 1 to 3 poorly resolved peaks during April to June, that of the rice population was much shorter, with a sharp

peak in early June. This result supports previous observations that adults of the overwintering generation of the water-oats 4EGI-1 purchase population occur about two months earlier than those of the rice population; however, it is uncertain how this difference enhances reproductive isolation between the two populations because the occurrence overlaps.”
“Here, we report a continuous flow protocol for the [3 + 2] cycloaddition of nitrones, in situ generated from oximes, into bicyclic isoxazolidines. This thermal process required very high temperatures to be efficient that were

not easily reached in conventional reactors. A Selleck Torin 2 couple of examples are presented and in both the flow process showed a greater performance than the batch mode. The process intensification study allowed the generation of 120 g/h of a key pharmaceutical intermediate.”
“The subdivision of mesodermal cells into muscle and non-muscle cells is crucial to animal development. In the C. elegans postembryonic mesoderm, this subdivision is a result of an asymmetric cell division that leads to the formation of striated body wall muscles and non-muscle coelomocytes. Here we report that the Six homeodomain protein CEH-34 and its cofactor Eyes Absent, EYA-1, function synergistically to promote the non-muscle fate in cells also competent to form muscles. We further show that the asymmetric expression of ceh-34 and eya-1 is regulated by a combination of 1) mesodermal intrinsic factors MAB-5, HLH-1 and FOZI-1, 2) differential POP-1 (TCF/LEF) transcriptional activity along the anterior-posterior axis, and 3) coelomocyte competence factor(s). These factors are conserved in both vertebrates and invertebrates, suggesting a conserved paradigm for mesoderm development in metazoans. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) plays an essential role in nitroglycerin (GTN) bioactivation, resulting in formation of NO or a related activator of soluble guanylate cyclase.

(C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The asymmetry model for the highly viscous flow postulates thermally activated jumps from a practically undistorted ground state to strongly LB-100 supplier distorted, but stable structures, with a pronounced Eshelby backstress from the distorted surroundings.

The viscosity is ascribed to those stable distorted structures which do not jump back, but relax by the relaxation of the surrounding viscoelastic matrix. It is shown that this mechanism implies a description in terms of the shear compliance, with a viscosity which can be calculated from the cutoff of the retardation spectrum. Consistency requires that this cutoff lies close to the Maxwell time. The improved asymmetry model compares well with experiment. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3598506]“
“This

study examined the role and physiological relevance of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase-I (3HIBDHI) of Pseudomonas denitrificans ATCC 13867 in the degradation of 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) during 3-HP production. The gene encoding 3HIBDH-I of P. denitrificans ATCC 13867 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant 3HIBDH-I was then purified on a Ni-NTA-HP column and characterized for its choice of substrates, cofactors, metals, reductants, and the optimal temperature and pH. The recombinant Tozasertib 3HIBDH-I showed a high catalytic constant (k (cat)/K (m)) of 604.1 +/- 71.1 mM/S on (S)-3-hydroxyisobutyrate, but no detectable activity on (R)-3-hydroxyisobutyrate. 3HIBDH-I preferred NAD(+) over NADP(+) as a cofactor for its catalytic activity. The k (cat)/K (m) determined for 3-HP was 15.40 +/- 1.43 mM/S in the

presence of NAD(+) at 37A degrees C and pH 9.0. In addition to (S)-3-hydroxyisobutyrate and 3-HP, 3HIBDH-I utilized l-serine, methyl-d,l-serine, MK-2206 in vitro and methyl-(S)-(+)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate; on the other hand, the k (cat)/K (m) values determined for these substrates were less than 5.0mM/S. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 2-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol and Mn2+ increased the activity of 3HIBDHI significantly, whereas the presence of Fe2+, Hg2+ and Ag+ in the reaction mixture at 1.0 mM completely inhibited its activity. This study revealed the characteristics of 3HIBDH-I and its significance in 3-HP degradation.”
“Marine microalgae were studied as potential resources for the production of biodiesel. Five marine microalgae, Tetraselmis suecica, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Chaetoceros calcitrans, Isochrysis galbana, and Nannochloropsis oculata were cultured in f/2 media, 12:12 L:D cycle at 20 +/- 1A degrees C with a light intensity of 36.3 mu mol/m(2)/sec using a 15-L circular cylindrical photobioreactor.

“
“Molecular geometry and vibrational wavenumbers of 2(3H)-Benzothiazolone (C7H5NSO, HBT) was investigated using density functional (DFT/B3LYP) Kinase Inhibitor Library solubility dmso method with 6-311+G(d,p) basis set. The vibrational wavenumbers are found to be in good agreement with experimental

FT-IR spectra. Hydrogen-bonded dimer of HBT, optimized by counterpoise correction, was studied by MP2 and DFT/B3LYP at the 6-311+G(d,p) level and the effects of molecular association through N-H-O hydrogen bonding were discussed. A detailed analysis of the nature of the hydrogen bonding, using topological parameters, such as electronic charge density, Laplacian, kinetic and potential energy density evaluated at bond critical points (BCP) has also been presented. The UV absorption spectra of the compound dissolved in ethanol and chloroform solutions were recorded in the range of 200-600 nm. The UV-vis spectrum LGX818 of the title molecule was also calculated using TD-DFT method. The calculated energy and oscillator strength almost exactly reproduce the experimental data. Total and partial density of state (TDOS, PDOS) of the HBT in terms of HOMOs and LUMOs and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP)

were calculated and analyzed. The electric dipole moment, polarizability and the first static hyper-polarizability values for HBT were calculated at the DFT/B3LYP with 6-311+G(d,p) basis set. The results also show that the HBT molecule may have nonlinear optical (NLO) comportment with non-zero values. Stability of the molecule arising from hyper-conjugative AZD8055 concentration interactions and charge delocalization was analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The types and sources of lipid deposition in the liver of most patients

with morbid obesity, as well as the effects of bariatric surgery, are discussed.\n\nIn 26 patients with morbid obesity who underwent bariatric surgery, we analyzed different kinds of lipids and hepatic lipase (HL) from both plasma and liver biopsies performed 12-18 months after surgery.\n\nThe HL activity and HL-mRNA in morbidly obese (MO) livers were high (258 +/- 17 mU/g, and 4.5-fold, respectively); after surgery, the activity decreased (137 +/- 15 mU/g, p < 0.001) but not the levels of HL-mRNA (4.3-fold). Plasma HL activity was also high (4.31 +/- 0.94 mU/mL plasma), and it decreased during weight loss (2.01 +/- 0.29 mU/mL, p < 0.01); moreover, it correlated (r = 0.3694, p < 0.05) with decreased liver HL activity. Adrenocorticotropic hormone in MO was higher (27 +/- 3 pg/mL) than after surgery (13 +/- 1 pg/mL, p < 0.001). All hepatic and plasma lipids were significantly increased in MO patients, but, after bariatric surgery, most of those parameters recovered or normalized. Liver HL activity correlated with total and esterified cholesterol (r = 0.4399, p < 0.001 and r = 0.4395, p < 0.01, respectively).

We used a conjunction search task to assess the generality of our previous findings. We found that participants relied on body-centred information and not retinotopic cues. Thus, we provide further evidence that egocentric information, and specifically body-centred

information, can persist for several seconds, and that these effects are not specific to either a feature or a conjunction search paradigm.”
“Background. Aortic root enlargement (ARE) at the time of aortic valve replacement (AVR) is an often proposed but still unproven technique to prevent prosthesis-patient mismatch. To evaluate the risks and benefits of ARE, we examined the outcomes of patients with small aortic roots who underwent AVR with or without the use of ARE.\n\nMethods. Patients (n = 712) with small aortic roots who underwent AVR were prospectively followed (follow-up, 3,730 patient-years; Proteases inhibitor mean, 5.2 +/- 4.1 years). All patients had a small aortic annulus that would have led to the insertion of an aortic prosthesis of 21 or less in size. Multivariate techniques were used to compare outcomes between patients who underwent AVR alone (n = 540) versus AVR plus ARE (n = 172).\n\nResults. Aortic cross-clamp times were 9.9 minutes longer in the AVR + ARE group (p = 0.0002). There were no differences

in reopening or stroke rates or perioperative mortality (all p = not significant). All patients in the AVR-alone group received size 19 to 21 prostheses, whereas 51% of the AVR + ARE patients received size 23 prostheses. Postoperative gradients were KU-57788 supplier reduced (p < 0.01) and indexed effective orifice areas were larger (p < 0.0001) in the AVR + ARE group. While the incidence of postoperative prosthesis-patient mismatch (indexed effective orifice area <= 0.85 cm(2)/m(2)) was lower in the AVR + ARE group (p < 0.0001), the presence of mismatch did not significantly impact long-term outcomes after surgery. The ARE was associated with a trend toward better freedom from late congestive heart failure (p = 0.19), but not an improvement in long-term survival (p = 0.81).\n\nConclusions. For patients with small aortic roots, ARE at the time

of AVR is a safe click here procedure that reduces postoperative gradients and the incidence of prosthesis-patient mismatch. However, ARE does not appreciably improve long-term clinical outcomes.”
“Background and Aim: Recently, the clinical and biological differences between right- and left-sided colon cancers have been widely debated. However, close analyses of these clinical differences, based on large-scale studies, have been scarcely reported.\n\nMethods: A total of 3552 consecutive Japanese colorectal cancer cases were examined and the clinical differences between right- and left-sided colon cancer cases were investigated.\n\nResults: The proportion of right-sided colon cancer was relatively high in patients aged less than 40 years (33%) and more than 80 years (43%).

Walking ability was better in the cemented group in the early follow-up period. Duration of surgery, amount of blood loss and perioperative mortality rates were significantly lower in the cementless group than in the cemented group.\n\nCONCLUSION: Cementless hemiarthroplasty

is a reliable treatment choice for unstable intertrochanteric femur fractures in elderly patients with early mobilization, acceptable functional results, low implant loosening rates, shorter surgery time, lesser blood loss and lower perioperative mortality rate.”
“Chromosome numbers of 4 species of the genus Kobresia (Cyperaceae) collected from the Nepal MK-8776 molecular weight Himalaya are reported. Chromosome numbers of K. curvata Kuk. (2n=50), K. esenbeckii (Kunth) Noltie (2n=66), and K. duthiei C. B. ALK inhibitor Clarke (2n=ca. 84) are reported for the first time. Kobresia nepalensis (Nees) Kuk. showed an unusually high chromosome number, 2n=ca. 114. It is concluded that chromosomal evolution in the unispicate Kobresia species may have been caused by both polyploidy and aneuploidy.”
“Objectives Determine the prevalence of prenatal opioid and other drug positivity among women delivering infants in

Utah and compare the findings with national data.\n\nStudy Design Umbilical cord tissue samples and nonidentifiable demographic data were collected anonymously in 13 labor and delivery units throughout Utah. Samples were analyzed for opioids, amphetamines, cannabinoids, cocaine, phencyclidine, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, propoxyphene, and alcohol biomarkers.\n\nResults Fifty-eight (6.8%) of 850 umbilical cord samples were positive for one or more substances.

Opioids were the most frequently detected drugs (4.7%). Fewer samples were positive for alcohol (0.4%), methamphetamine (0.1%), cocaine (0.1%), and marijuana (0.4%).\n\nConclusion Opioids were the most frequently detected drugs at delivery. Although some of the samples positive for opioids might have been a result of intrapartum Apoptosis inhibitor exposure, a significant number were positive for opioids that are not given during labor. This parallels the increasing nonmedical use of prescription pain medications in the general population and has important implications for neonates because of the potential for significant morbidity secondary to neonatal abstinence syndrome.”
“A plethora of bioactive plant metabolites has been explored for pharmaceutical, food chemistry and agricultural applications. The chemical synthesis of these structures is often difficult, so plants are favorably used as producers. While whole plants can serve as a source for secondary metabolites and can be also improved by metabolic engineering, more often cell or organ cultures of relevant plant species are of interest. It should be noted that only in few cases the production for commercial application in such cultures has been achieved.

6 +/- 13.2 (30-78) years in the study and control groups, respectively (p = 0.015). Age at first intercourse, diameter of tumor, parity, amount of bleeding at first tandem application, MLN8237 manufacturer and length of endometrial cavity

measured by hysterometer were not significantly different between the two groups. Pain score was significantly higher in the control group (p < 0.001). Application was significantly easier in the study group compared with controls (p < 0.001). Average size of initial Hegar dilators used for cervical dilatation was significantly higher in the study group compared with controls (p = 0.017).\n\nConclusion: Administration of misoprostol 400 mu g orally for cervical ripening before tandem application facilitates the procedure, increases patient tolerability and comfort, and may decrease complication rates. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc.”
“In the title compound, C(11)H(17)N(2)O(+)center dot Cl(-), the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the basal plane of piperazine ring is 39.20 (8)degrees. In the crystal, intermolecular N-H center dot center dot center dot Cl hydrogen bonds occur. There is also a C-H center

dot center dot center dot pi interaction between the benzene rings.”
“Background: Statistical time series derived from administrative data sets form key indicators in measuring progress in addressing disadvantage in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations RepSox solubility dmso in Australia. However, inconsistencies in the reporting of Indigenous LY-374973 status can cause difficulties in producing reliable indicators. External data sources,

such as survey data, provide a means of assessing the consistency of administrative data and may be used to adjust statistics based on administrative data sources.\n\nMethods: We used record linkage between a large-scale survey (the Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey), and two administrative data sources (the Western Australia (WA) Register of Births and the WA Midwives’ Notification System) to compare the degree of consistency in determining Indigenous status of children between the two sources. We then used a logistic regression model predicting probability of consistency between the two sources to estimate the probability of each record on the two administrative data sources being identified as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin in a survey. By summing these probabilities we produced model-adjusted time series of neonatal outcomes for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander births.\n\nResults: Compared to survey data, information based only on the two administrative data sources identified substantially fewer Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander births. However, these births were not randomly distributed.

\n\nConclusions:\n\nIn this community sample, a self-reported history of criminal behavior is related to ASPD symptoms, a recurrent and predominately manic course of illness, and impaired response inhibition in bipolar disorder, independent of current clinical state.”
“Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the smallest enveloped DNA viruses and the prototype member of

the family of Hepadnaviridae that causes acute and chronic infections of mammals (including human) and birds. HBV has evolved an extreme adaptation and dependency to differentiated hepatocytes of its host. Despite its very limited coding capacity with only four open-reading frames, HBV is able to evade the immune system of the host and persist lifelong within infected hepatocytes. BEZ235 During active replication, HBV produces enormous viral loads in the blood and a massive surplus of subviral GSK1904529A cell line surface antigen particles in the serum of infected patients without killing their hepatocytes. Together with the use of a reverse

transcriptase during replication, it provides an enormous genetic flexibility for selection of viral mutants upon selective pressure, for example, by the immune system or antiviral therapy. In addition, viral wild-type and mutated genomes are stably archived in the nucleus of the infected hepatocyte in an episomal DNA form that provides independence from cellular replication or integration within the host genome. We are just beginning to understand the delicate molecular and cellular interactions during the HBV replicative cycle within infected hepatocytes, so further studies are urgently needed to provide a better basis for further diagnostic and therapeutic options.”
“Mixed mating (producing a mix of selfed and outcrossed MK-0518 Microbiology inhibitor seed) is common in flowering plants

and is ecologically important because it potentially offers reproductive assurance against pollination failure. However, selfed seed offers no reproductive assurance unless it overcomes inbreeding depression. In trees and other long-lived plants, genetic evidence suggests that selfed seed seldom matures to adulthood, presumably because of severe inbreeding depression. We measured inbreeding depression over 11 yr in two populations each of two New Zealand trees, Fuchsia excorticata and Sophora microphylla, from pollination to germination and performance in both pots and the field. The accumulated inbreeding depression was very high in both cases (F. excorticata: delta = 0.74 and 0.84; S. microphylla: delta = 0.94 and 0.99) and largely late acting, especially in F. excorticata. Fewer than 10% (and <1% in three of the four cases) of the selfs remain; none have yet flowered, and they appear unlikely to do so. Hence, selfing is likely futile in these species.

In vivo assays showed that CmCCD4a and MdCCD4 cleaved beta-carotene well to yield beta-ionone,

while OfCCD4, RdCCD4, and AtCCD4 were almost inactive towards this substrate. No cleavage Fludarabine order products were found for any of the five CCD4 genes when they were co-expressed in E. coli strains that accumulated cis-zeta-carotene and lycopene. In vitro assays, however, demonstrated the breakdown of 8′-apo-beta-caroten-8′-al by AtCCD4 and RdCCD4 to beta-ionone, while this apocarotenal was almost not degraded by OfCCD4, CmCCD4a, and MdCCD4. Sequence analysis of genomic clones of CCD4 genes revealed that RdCCD4, like AtCCD4, contains no intron, while MdCCD, OfCCD4, and CmCCD4a contain introns. These results indicate that plants produce at least two different forms of CCD4 proteins. Although CCD4 enzymes cleave their substrates at the same position (9,10 and 9′,10′), they might

have different biochemical functions Vorinostat in vitro as they accept different (apo)-carotenoid substrates, show various expression patterns, and are genomically differently organized.”
“Purpose: To describe the methodology of Aditya Jyot-Diabetic Retinopathy in Urban Mumbai Slums Study (AJ-DRUMSS), which was designed (i) to estimate the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a general population, (ii) to study the risk factors associated with DR in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), and (iii) to create awareness for early detection and develop timely interventional management for DR. Methods: AJ-DRUMSS is an ongoing population-based cross sectional study conducted in seven wards of slums in Mumbai, India, wherein eligible selleckchem subjects from the general population were screened for DR and profiled for their demographic, social and biochemical parameters to study the associations of these factors. Results:

To date, nearly 54,000 households have been enumerated for both awareness and DR prevalence in five study areas (out of seven) during 17 awareness campaigns and 78 DR screening camps. Of these, 4295 households were included in AJ-DRUMSS. Nearly 15,000 camp subjects (including subjects from awareness-focused areas who also turned up for the screening camps) were screened from the total enumerated households, of which 16.1% were diagnosed with type 2 DM. A total of 14.5% of these had evidence of DR and 3.5% had sight-threatening DR. Conclusions: A detailed study design of AJ-DRUMSS is described. In the screening camps nearly 3.5% of the diabetic population had sight-threatening DR, which needed an active interventional strategy. This study will help in formulating efficient eye care policies, making optimum use of available resources, reorienting healthcare providers and the ignorant within the population regarding the need for periodic ophthalmic surveillance and timely intervention.