The up-regulation of tryptophan synthase in Pseudomonas sp. TLC6-6.5-4 in the presence of copper was consistent with our transposon mutational analysis (CSM1 trpA) (Table 1). The overexpression of trpA gene induced by copper treatment was reported in Helicobacter pylori (Waidner et al., 2002). Besides tryptophan,

our metabolomic analysis showed that the levels of several other amino acids such as l-proline and l-isoleucine were significantly increased when Pseudomonas sp. TLC6-6.5-4 was grown in the presence of 4 mM copper (Fig. 4), which correlates with the up-regulation of ketol-acid reductoisomerase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of leucine and isoleucine (Table 1). An increase in amino acid synthesis was also identified in the multiple metal-resistant Rucaparib bacteria P. fluorescens in both biofilm and planktonic Venetoclax molecular weight culture, which could be a protective

mechanism against enzyme inhibition or replacement of damaged proteins caused by the presence of copper (Booth et al., 2011). Furthermore, the accumulation of l-proline itself is the protective mechanism that bacteria (and plants and yeast) use to cope with the oxidative stress caused by heavy metals (Nandakumar et al., 2011). The Clp proteases play an important role in regulating cellular functions by refolding or degrading damaged proteins and also regulate the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress and DNA repair (Hengge & Bukau, 2003; Michel et al., 2006). However, very little is known about the role of Clp proteases in Pseudomonas species except for the basic function of proteolysis. Disruption of ClpA in P. putida CA-3 decreased polyhydroxyalkanoates, the intracellular granules,

in response to inorganic nutrient limitation (Goff et al., 2009). In the present study, we demonstrated that the transposon insertion mutant, CSM2, disrupted in Clp protease subunit ClpA showed a significant reduction in copper resistance compared with the wild-type strain. A recent study on Staphylococcus aureus also showed that the expression crotamiton of ClpA was up-regulated in response to copper (Baker et al., 2010). The disruption of ClpA caused the down-regulation of glycosyl transferase and tRNA (guanine-N(7)-)-methyltransferase (Table 1). Glycosyl transferase is essential for bacterial biofilm formation and resistance to oxidative stress (Erb et al., 2009; Tao et al., 2010). The higher levels of tRNA methyltransferase under cellular stress response are likely to reduce the degradation of tRNAs by ribonucleases activated under stress conditions (Thompson & Parker, 2009; Chan et al., 2010). DnaJ-class molecular chaperone (Table 1), whose expression was up-regulated in wild-type strain grown with copper compared with wild type without copper, binds unfolded polypeptide chains, preventing their irreversible aggregation (Düppre et al.

“
“The objective of the study was to conduct a within-cohort assessment of risk factors for incident AIDS-defining cancers (ADCs) and non-ADCs (NADCs) within the Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD). A total of 2181 AHOD registrants were linked to the

National AIDS Registry/National HIV Database (NAR/NHD) and the Australian Cancer Registry to identify those with a notified cancer diagnosis. Included in the current analyses were cancers diagnosed after HIV infection. Risk factors for cancers were also assessed using logistic regression methods. One hundred and thirty-nine cancer cases were diagnosed after HIV infection among 129 patients. selleck chemicals More than half the diagnoses (n = 68; 60%) were ADCs, of which 69% were GW-572016 Kaposi’s sarcoma and 31% non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Among the NADCs, the most common cancers were melanoma (n = 10), lung cancer (n = 6), Hodgkin’s lymphoma (n = 5) and anal cancer (n = 5). Over a total of 21021 person-years (PY) of follow-up since HIV diagnosis, the overall crude cancer incidence rate for any cancer was 5.09/1000 PY. The overall rate of cancers decreased from 15.9/1000 PY [95% confidence interval (CI) 9.25–25.40/1000 PY] for CD4 counts < 100 cells/μL to 2.4/1000 PY (95% CI 1.62–3.39/1000 PY) for CD4 counts > 350 cells/μL. Lower CD4 cell count and prior AIDS diagnoses were significant predictors for both ADCs and NADCs. ADCs remain the predominant cancers in this population, although NADC

rates have increased in the more recent time period. Immune deficiency is a risk factor for both ADCs and NADCs. “
“Dyslipidaemic effects of antiretrovirals (ARVs) may contribute to increased cardiovascular risk (CR) in HIV-1-infected patients. The ARTEN (atazanavir/ritonavir on a background of tenofovir and emtricitabine vs. nevirapine on the same background, in naïve HIV-1-infected patients)

study compared prospectively ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATZ/r) 300 mg/100 mg once daily (qd) with immediate release nevirapine (NVP) 200 mg twice daily or 400 mg qd, each combined with fixed-dose tenofovir 300 mg/emtricitabine 200 mg qd in 569 ARV-naïve HIV-1-infected patients. Lipid profiles and CR from baseline to week 48 are reported. Hydroxychloroquine Changes from baseline to week 48 in fasting plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), TC:HDL-c ratio, apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and total triglycerides (TG) were determined. The Framingham algorithm was used to estimate CR. Analysis was by intention-to-treat (ITT) with last observation carried forward (LOCF) for missing data. At week 48, NVP treatment resulted in significantly greater mean increases from baseline in TC (24.4 vs. 19.6 mg/dL; P=0.038), HDL-c (9.7 vs. 3.9 mg/dL; P<0.0001), LDL-c (15.0 vs. 10.4 mg/dL; P=0.011) and ApoA1 (0.18 vs. 0.08 g/L; P<0.0001) but not ApoB (0.02 vs. 0.02 g/L) compared with ATZ/r treatment.

145,146 Garlic and B vitamins must never be suggested as a natural method of bite prevention. The use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets and clothing is well supported by the data and is to be recommended to travelers visiting malaria endemic areas. Electric insecticide vaporizers and essential oil candles inhibit nuisance biting, but there is little

evidence that they help prevent malaria. Mosquito coils are effective and may help to reduce the risk of malaria, although safety concerns have been raised. The Selleckchem Lapatinib use of bath oils and other oils should be discouraged in travelers until further effective personal protection evidence is available.127 The authors dedicate this review to the memory of Dr Nigel Hill who died suddenly in January 2010. L. I. G. is director of Nomad Medical that produces

deet and permethrin based products. A. M. C., N. H., S. M., and P. S. state that they have no conflict of interest. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the UK Ministry of Defence, the United States Department of Defense, and the Joint Health Command of the Australian Defence Force or any current defense policy. “
“A case of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection is reported in a young traveler returning from Thailand. Clinical suspicion of JEV in travelers returning from endemic areas with neurologic symptoms is warranted. Confirmation of the diagnosis Rapamycin supplier is complex and requires specialized laboratory services. Individualized advice on the costs and benefits of vaccination is recommended. A 26-year-old woman, born in Canada, with no previous medical

history, consulted in our emergency department in early September 2010 with fever, myalgia, and headache, 13 days following her return from Thailand where she had traveled for 1 month in August 2010. The headache, which started 3 days before she consulted, was intermittent and initially accompanied by occasional mild diplopia. She vomited twice without any other gastrointestinal symptoms. While in Thailand, 2 weeks before her return home to Canada, she consulted a medical clinic Acetophenone for dysenteric symptoms that resolved in less than 24 hours following the administration of an unspecified antibiotic. Her trip to Thailand was a last-minute decision, and she did not consult a travel clinic for malaria prophylaxis or vaccination. Prior to Thailand, the patient spent 1 month in Australia. She had not traveled previously, and had never been vaccinated against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) or yellow fever in the past. She first visited Phuket and the west coast in southern Thailand. She then flew directly to the Chiang Mai region, where she spent her remaining time in Thailand. In Chiang Mai region she trekked in forests and rice fields to the northeast of the city. She rode elephants and reports having been scratched on the thigh by monkeys, but not bitten.

, 2007) harboring a suicide plasmid pBSL180 (Alexeyev & Shokolenko,

1995), containing mini-Tn10Kmr, according to Kouzuma et al. (2010). Tn-insertion mutants were transferred to LMM plates overlaid with a thin LMM-agar layer containing Km and 8 mM MnO2 (brown in color). After incubation for 48 h under aerobic condition, halo zones formed around colonies were compared. Current generation was evaluated using a single-chamber MFC equipped with a graphite-felt anode (50 cm2; GF-80-3F; Sohgoh Carbon) and an air cathode (approximately 20 cm2, 0.7 mg platinum per cm, and four polytetrafluoroethylene layers) according to the method described previously (Newton Selleck GSK2118436 et al., 2009). In-frame disruption of the SO3030 gene in strain MR-1 was performed using suicide plasmid pSMV-10 (Saltikov & Newman, 2003) as described previously (Kouzuma et al., 2010). Briefly, a 1.6-kb fusion product, consisting of an upstream sequence of the SO3030 gene (784 bp), insertion sequence (18 bp), and downstream sequence (748 bp), was constructed by PCR and in-vitro extension Trametinib using primers listed in Table S1 (Supporting Information). This

fusion product was ligated into pSMV10 at a SpeI site. Resultant plasmid pSMV-3030 was introduced into MR-1 by filter mating with E. coli WM6026 to construct double-crossover mutants (designated ΔSO3030). For the complementation of the SO3030 gene, SO3030 was amplified by PCR using primers SO3030-F-HindIII and SO3030-R-XbaI (Table S1) and a resultant PCR product was digested and ligated into HindIII–XbaI-digested pBBR1MCS-5 (Kovach et al., 1995). A resultant plasmid, pBBR1-3030, was introduced into ΔSO3030 cells by the PLEKHB2 filter mating. Bottles containing LMM and 10 mM MnO2 or Fe(III) oxide were prepared in triplicate. They were inoculated with Shewanella cells and incubated at 30 °C. At a fixed time interval, amounts of Mn (IV) or Fe(II) in cultures were quantified by a colorimetric assay with leucoberbelin blue (Krumbein & Altmann, 1973) or ferrozine (Stookey, 1970), respectively, according to a method

described previously (Newton et al., 2009). Siderophore in a culture supernatant was analyzed by a method described by Kadi et al. (2008) with modifications. Shewanella cells were grown overnight in 100 mL of LMM supplemented with a mineral solution (1 mM MgSO4·7H2O, 0.1 mM CaCl2·2H2O, and 0.5 μM FeSO4·7H2O). A culture was centrifuged at 5000 g for 15 min, and 80 mL of a supernatant was loaded to a column used for solid-phase extraction (Sep-Pak C18, 100 mg; Waters). The column was washed with 10 mL of pure water, and adsorbed substances were eluted with 5 mL of methanol. The methanol solution was subsequently evaporated, and residual substances were dissolved in 0.5 mL of water. LC-MS analysis of the extracted supernatant was performed according to Kadi et al. (2008) using a LCMS-2010 EV (Shimadzu) equipped with an Eclipse XDB-C18 column (2.1 × 150 mm, 5 μm; Agilent) and operated in a positive ion mode.

First, descriptive statistics were calculated. Second, bivariate relationships were examined

Apoptosis inhibitor between the independent and dependent variables using correlation coefficients, t-tests, or Pearson’s chi-square statistics. Next all caregivers and children who reported one or more asthma medication problems immediately after the visit were separately selected. The extent to which these caregivers and children asked: (1) any asthma medication question, (2) an asthma medication device technique question, (3) a frequency/timing of use question, (4) a quantity/supply question, or (5) a side-effect question during the visit were described. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were used to predict whether caregivers and children asked one or more asthma medication questions during their medical visits. PI3K inhibitor All GEEs were clustered by provider. Finally, whether caregivers and children who reported one or more medication problems immediately after the medical visit still reported the medication

problem 1 month later at the home visit was described. The five participating clinics were all primary care paediatric practices. Forty-one providers agreed to participate in the study. Two providers refused, resulting in a participation rate of 95.3%. Of the families who approached the research assistant to learn more about the study, 88% agreed to participate. In all, 296 patients had useable audiotape data and these patients were seen by 35 of the 41 providers who agreed to participate in

the study. Out of these 296 children (88%), 259 completed a home visit interview approximately 1 month after their audiotaped medical visit. Four of the 35 providers were nurse practitioners or physician assistants and they saw 17 of the participating children. The 31 other providers were physicians. The providers were 51% female. Twenty-seven of the providers were white, two were American Indian, three were African American, one was Asian, and two classified their race as other. Providers ranged in age from 30–70 years (mean = 44.8 years, standard deviation = 9.4). Table 1 presents the child and caregiver demographic characteristics. A controller medication was being Florfenicol used by 83% of patients. Control medications included inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, cromolyn, nedocromil, or a long-acting beta agonist. Among those caregivers who reported one or more asthma medication problems (n = 179), only 35% asked at least one medication-related question during the visit (Table 2). In contrast, only 49% of caregivers who reported difficulty getting refills on time asked a question about quantity/medication supply. Similarly, only 13% of caregivers who reported problems with side effects asked one or more questions about side effects and only 15% of caregivers who reported a device technique problem asked at least one question about their child’s asthma medication device technique.

[9] Our observations of a possible importation of currently rare serotypes in Europe may have implications for public health. Migration to Italy will go on increasing over the coming years and migrants will be ever more included in social and working settings. The pattern of circulating N. meningitidis in healthy carriers and of meningococci related to invasive

infection could change in a few years. Instead, monitoring antimicrobial R428 datasheet resistance of meningococci does not seem a public health issue. Neisseria meningitidis does not appear to be particularly efficient in developing resistance to antimicrobial agents and few cases of resistance among meningococci have been recorded worldwide.[10] Immunization strategies against meningococcal

disease may change in the near future. Quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines containing the polysaccharides from serogroups A, C, Y, and W-135 meningococci conjugated to a protein carrier have been available since 2005 in the United States. Multivalent conjugate vaccines offer the potential to broaden population protection against meningococcal disease beyond the more widely used monovalent serogroup C conjugate vaccines, while additionally providing superior efficacy compared to unconjugated quadrivalent vaccines.[9] Surveys among the selleck chemicals llc general population to evaluate the meningocci carriage and the surveillance of invasive meningococcal disease to monitor the introduction in Europe of previously sporadic serogroups, as Y and W135, will support the introduction of quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines in the immunization schedule for adolescents and high-risk adults. The authors state that they have no conflicts of interest to declare. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper. Neither

the authors nor their institutions received any funding for this study. “
“As a consequence of inhibition of the hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 isozyme, treatment with HIV protease inhibitors can result in significant drug−drug interactions. selleckchem One noteworthy interaction is between protease inhibitors and inhaled or intranasal corticosteroids. This interaction can result in adrenal insufficiency and iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome (with symptoms such as rapid weight gain, obesity, facial hirsutism and swelling), as well as hypertension, osteoporosis and decreased CD4 cell count. In this paper, we review and unite pharmacokinetic data, case reports and current research regarding this drug−drug interaction in order to suggest options for the clinical management of HIV-positive patients requiring treatment with protease inhibitors and inhaled or intranasal corticosteroids.

8 per 100 persons. Nearly one-third (32%) reported at least one ED visit in the 6 months preceding the interview. Of those visiting the ED, the median was 1 visit per person (range 1–12). Of those with an ED visit, 46% made more than one visit in 6 months. Per patient report, reasons for the most recent ED visit were (1) to treat an BMS-354825 nmr HIV-related illness (30%), (2) to treat a non-HIV-related illness (45%), (3) to treat an accident (14%), (4) for drug- or alcohol-related reasons (3%), and (5) for pregnancy (0.3%), with 8% missing. For the

most recent ED visit, over three-quarters (77%) were self-referrals, and only 22% of visits were a result of provider referral. For the most recent ED visit, 26% of those seeking emergency care for HIV-related illness were referred to the ED by the provider, and 22% of those seeking care for non-HIV-related illness were referred by the provider, a nonsignificant difference. Table 3 presents results of a logistic regression analysis of factors associated with any ED visit, conducted on 913 patients with complete data. High levels of pain (third

or fourth quartile), having more than seven primary care visits in the last 6 months, current or former illicit drug use, Medicaid insurance, and female gender remained LGK-974 chemical structure associated with ED utilization when other variables were controlled. Clinical variables – such as CD4 cell count, HIV-1 RNA, or HAART usage – were not significantly associated with any ED utilization. Thirty-nine per cent of patients who visited the ED (n=121) were subsequently admitted to the hospital from the ED on at least one occasion. The probability of having an admission from the ED was associated with the number of ED visits, rising from 32% of those with one ED visit, to 41% of those with two ED visits, to 67% of those with three or more

visits (results not shown). Table 4 reports results of a multivariate Cetuximab concentration logistic regression of any in-patient admission from the ED (n=280). The odds of admission to the hospital from the ED were greater for patients who made six or more primary care visits vs. three or fewer. Patients with CD4 counts <200 cells/μL were more likely to be admitted than those with CD4 counts >500 cells/μL. Patients reporting the highest level of pain also reported relatively high odds of admission from the ED, although the set of variables representing pain quartiles was not jointly significant. Patients who were retired had higher odds of being admitted from the ED than patients who were employed, but the overall effect of employment status on in-patient admissions was not significant. ED utilization was high in this multiclinic, multistate sample of HIV-infected patients. In this study, 32% visited the ED once or more within 6 months, and the 6-month ED attendance rate was 62.8 per 100 persons. Inspection of HIVRN medical record data showed that the 1-year visit rate was approximately twice the 6-month rate.

An important implication of good fit to a Rasch model is the potential for developing adaptive tests. Subjects who pass a given item would not need to be tested on those items shown to measure lesser degrees of cognitive ability. Depending

on the accuracy required and the ability of the subject, only a few items might need to be administered to measure cognitive ability. This item-bank approach reduces test burden without loss of information, even across a wider range of cognitive deficits. It also allows clinicians to continuously monitor the impact of therapies without the artificial interruption in scores introduced when having to switch from a ‘hard’ test to an ‘easy’ test if cognitive http://www.selleckchem.com/PARP.html selleck impairment worsens. The adaptive approach to cognitive measurement was recently validated for geriatric mild cognitive impairment in a study that combined test items from the MoCA and the MMSE (S. Konsztowicz et al., unpublished observations). The data we present here provide a basis for an adaptive approach to measuring cognition, but further

work will be needed to implement and fully validate such a method. Some limitations to this study must be considered. Firstly, the use of computerized measures adds inconvenience when compared with a brief pencil-and-paper test, although web-based testing software could be developed to minimize that inconvenience. A computerized approach has the additional advantage of greatly simplifying the

process of administering a test in an adaptive format, automatically selecting the next items to be administered based on the pattern of previous responses and stopping once a criterion is reached for confidence in the accuracy of the resulting score. This approach has been used successfully to evaluate cognition in patients with cerebrovascular disease [41] and in a rehabilitation clinic population [42]. Secondly, the particular computer tests we used are drawn from the experimental cognitive neuroscience literature, click here and so have not undergone the extensive normative testing of more conventional measures. However, they are in the public domain and thus readily available for evaluation and development by others. At the very least, the present work illustrates a methodological path that could be profitably pursued as we seek to improve on current tools for the assessment of cognitive ability in people with HIV infection. This work was supported by operating grants from CIHR and CECR to LKF, by salary support from the MUHC Research Institute (LK) and from CIHR and FRSQ (LKF), by a Canada Graduate Studentship (AT), and by a McGill Faculty of Medicine Research Bursary (EW). We thank the patients and family members who volunteered for this study, and the clinicians who provided referrals.

M.M and C.R). The authors declare no conflict of interest. “
“High concentrations of indole are known to be toxic to cells due to perturbations in membrane potential. Here, we report for the first time a transcriptome analysis of a soil model bacterium,

Pseudomonas putida KT2440, under indole treatment. We demonstrated that 47 genes are differentially expressed, including learn more 11 genes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) and 12 genes involved in chaperone and protease functions (hslV, hslU, htpG, grpE, dnaK, ibpA, groEL, groES, clpB, lon-1, lon-2, and hflk). Mutant analysis supported the observation that protease genes including hslU are essential for the indole resistance of Pseudomonas strains. Subsequent biochemical analyses have shown that indole increases the NADH/NAD+ ratio and decreases the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration inside cells, due to membrane perturbation and higher expression of TCA cycle genes in the presence of indole. This energy reduction

leads to a reduction in cell size and an enhancement of biofilm formation in P. putida. The observed upregulation in many chaperones and proteases led us to speculate that protein folding might be inhibited by indole treatment. Interestingly, our in vitro protein-refolding assay using malate dehydrogenase with purified GroEL/GroES demonstrated that indole interferes with protein folding. Taken together, our data provide new evidence that indole causes toxicity to P. putida by inhibiting cellular energy production and protein folding. “
“Streptococcus sanguinis, check details a normal inhabitant of the human oral cavity, is a common streptococcal species implicated in infective endocarditis. Herein, we investigated the effects of infection with S. sanguinis on foam cell formation and cell death of macrophages. Infection with S. sanguinis stimulated foam cell formation of THP-1, a human macrophage cell line. At a multiplicity of

infection >100, S. sanguinis-induced cell death Selleck Gemcitabine of the macrophages. Viable bacterial infection was required to trigger cell death because heat-inactivated S. sanguinis did not induce cell death. The production of cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α from macrophages was also stimulated during bacterial infection. Inhibition of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulted in reduced cell death, suggesting an association of ROS with cell death. Furthermore, S. sanguinis-induced cell death appeared to be independent of activation of inflammasomes, because cleavage of procaspase-1 was not evident in infected macrophages. Streptococcus sanguinis is a member of the viridans streptococci and a primary colonizer of the human oral cavity (Kolenbrander & London, 1993; Nobbs et al., 2009).

Inoculations were carried out from precultures grown for 24 h in trace iron GPP at inoculation rates of 0.1% v/v to minimize carryover of iron. The total initial cell counts of cultures

thus inoculated typically were 5 × 104 mL−1 and 3 × 103 mL−1 for C. albicans and C. vini, respectively. Incubation of flask cultures was carried out aerobically in a temperature-regulated shaker at 30 °C and 200 r.p.m. Media and stock solutions were kept in sterile plastic ware (polypropylene, Nalgene) for this work. Glassware used Saracatinib in vivo for incubations was first washed with a conventional detergent (Alconox, Fisher), followed by 24-h soaking in a 3% v/v solution of a commercial trace metal removal detergent (Citronox, Fisher) and nine rinses in deionized water. The growth of microorganisms was measured by following the OD600 nm of cultures in 1-cm light path cuvettes. For dry weight determinations, cells were harvested by centrifugation at 1200 g for 10 min and washed twice with deionized water. Then, the cell mass was determined after drying at 100 °C for 24 h, with cooling in a vacuum dessicator containing a granular desiccant (Drierite, Xenia, OH) on preweighed aluminium dishes

to a constant weight. The total cell counts were carried out using a 0.1-mm depth haemocytometer Selleck PLX4032 with improved Neubauer ruling (Brightline, Hausser Scientific, Horsham, PA). Trace iron and other trace metal concentrations in the media before and after extraction were determined in quadruplicate by high-resolution magnetic-sector old ICP-MS at the Environmental Chemistry & Technology and Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Table 1 shows the concentrations of iron and several other metals in the chemically defined medium prepared without any Fe addition before and after Fe extraction. Using an insoluble resin in a batch-contacting process, it was possible to reduce iron concentrations by >80% to 1.2 μg L−1 (0.021 μM) in the chemically defined medium used. The residual Fe content in the Fe-extracted medium was found to result in Fe-restricted growth for both C. albicans and C.

vini with increased lag phases and lower specific growth rates as compared with cultivations with added iron (Fig. 1a and b, respectively). Candida vini appeared to be more affected by low Fe concentrations than C. albicans. Accordingly, the maximum growth yields (Ymax) determined after 44-h growth exhibited a stronger dose dependence for added iron in the case of C. vini (Fig. 2). At the lowest iron concentration tested (0.02 μM), the maximum growth yield attained by C. vini was less than half the Ymax value obtained for C. albicans. The comparison of the effects of several iron chelators including the clinically relevant desferrioxamine and deferiprone at relatively low concentrations (0.25 g L−1) showed that the growth of C. albicans was not inhibited by desferrioxamine in comparison with the control treatment with no added iron chelator (Fig. 3).